ReviewFrontiers in immunology2018
New Routes and Opportunities for Modular Construction of Particulate Vaccines: Stick, Click, and Glue.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 162 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanoparticle Engineering in Modern Vaccinology: From Delivery Platforms to Immune-Programming Architectures.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Induction of neutralising antibodies against conserved rhinovirus capsid protein VP4 is dependent on presentation of VP4 peptide immunogens in a virus-like conformation.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Current status on encephalitic alphavirus vaccines development: Advances, challenges, and global health perspectives.Infectious medicine · 2026Review
- Immunization with Herpes Simplex Virus Nanoparticles Targeting Both Attachment and Fusion Protect Against Infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Noncanonical amino acids enable plug and play vaccine platform in the ALiCE cell free system.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- EPIclip: A Novel Approach for the Production of Decorated Virus-Like Particles Mediated by High-Affinity Protein Binding Partners.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Intelligence Disclosure on Deploying SpyTag/SpyCatcher for Nanoparticle Assembly.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Engineering strategies and decision frameworks for virus-like particle-based vaccines against infectious diseases.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Modular Virus-like Particles for Antigen Presentation: Comparing Genetic Fusion and Click-Chemistry for Purification.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Synthesis of Chirally Chimeric Protein Nanoparticle Vaccines via Mirror-Image Spy Chemistry.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2025Article
- Impact of specific productivity and operation mode upon the biophysical properties of HIV-1 Gag-based virus-like particles.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Colloidal Crystallization of Virus-Like Particles with Polycations.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Applications of virus-like particles in the prevention of protozoan parasite infection.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2025Review
- Click biology highlights the opportunities from reliable biological reactions.Nature chemical biology · 2025Review
- Innovation in mRNA Vaccines and RNAi via Protein Nanocages.Vaccines · 2025Review
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- Ferritin Vaccine Platform for Animal and Zoonotic Viruses.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Glycoprotein E-Displaying Nanoparticles Induce Robust Neutralizing Antibodies and T-Cell Response against Varicella Zoster Virus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLPs) can induce potent B cell responses. Some non-chimeric VLP-based vaccines are highly successful licensed products (e.g., hepatitis B surface antigen VLPs as a hepatitis B virus vaccine). Chimeric VLPs are designed to take advantage of the VLP framework by decorating the VLP with a different antigen. Despite decades of effort, there have been few licensed chimeric VLP vaccines. Classic approaches to create chimeric VLPs are either genetic fusion or chemical conjugation, using cross-linkers from lysine on the VLP to cysteine on the antigen. We describe the principles that make these classic approaches challenging, in particular for complex, full-length antigens bearing multiple post-translational modifications. We then review recent advances in conjugation approaches for protein-based non-enveloped VLPs or nanoparticles, to overcome such challenges. This includes the use of strong non-covalent assembly methods (stick), unnatural amino acids for bio-orthogonal chemistry (click), and spontaneous isopeptide bond formation by SpyTag/SpyCatcher (glue). Existing applications of these methods are outlined and we critically consider the key practical issues, with particular insight on Tag/Catcher plug-and-display decoration. Finally, we highlight the potential for modular particle decoration to accelerate vaccine generation and prepare for pandemic threats in human and veterinary realms.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.