Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29995227›Full record

ReviewEuropean journal of applied physiology2018

Determining the potential sites of neural adaptation to cross-education: implications for the cross-education of muscle strength.

Ashlyn K Frazer, Alan J Pearce, Glyn Howatson, Kevin Thomas, Stuart Goodall, Dawson J Kidgell

Registry-linked trialAbstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in European journal of applied physiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07510737 (The Effect of Cross Training on Clinical and Functional Outcomes in Frozen Shoulder Rehabilitation), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
22citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07510737 not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

The Effect of Cross Training on Clinical and Functional Outcomes in Frozen Shoulder Rehabilitation

TypeobservationalSponsorInonu UniversityRan2026 to 2026Enrolled38ConditionsFrozen ShoulderArmsStandard Physical Therapy Group, Cross-Education Group
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Trial
  4. Trial
  5. Cross education is modulated by set configuration in knee extension exercise.Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions · 2023
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  9. Review
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  15. Massage as a Mechanotherapy for Skeletal Muscle.Exercise and sport sciences reviews · 2021
    Article
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  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Ashlyn K FrazerDepartment of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, PO Box 527, Frankston, Melbourne, VIC, 3199, Australia. ash.frazer@monash.edu.
Alan J PearceDiscipline of Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
Glyn HowatsonDepartment of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Kevin ThomasDepartment of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Stuart GoodallDepartment of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Dawson J KidgellDepartment of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, PO Box 527, Frankston, Melbourne, VIC, 3199, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cross-education describes the strength gain in the opposite, untrained limb following a unilateral strength training program. Since its discovery in 1894, several studies now confirm the existence of cross-education in contexts that involve voluntary dynamic contractions, eccentric contraction, electrical stimulation, whole-body vibration and, more recently, following mirror feedback training. Although many aspects of cross-education have been established, the mediating neural mechanisms remain unclear. Overall, the findings of this review show that the neural adaptations to cross-education of muscle strength most likely represent a continuum of change within the central nervous system that involves both structural and functional changes within cortical motor and non-motor regions. Such changes are likely to be the result of more subtle changes along the entire neuroaxis which include, increased corticospinal excitability, reduced cortical inhibition, reduced interhemispheric inhibition, changes in voluntary activation and new regions of cortical activation. However, there is a need to widen the breadth of research by employing several neurophysiological techniques (together) to better understand the potential mechanisms mediating cross-education. This fundamental step is required in order to better prescribe targeted and effective guidelines for the clinical practice of cross-education. There is a need to determine whether similar cortical responses also occur in clinical populations where, perhaps, the benefits of cross-education could be best observed.

Indexed as

Adaptation, PhysiologicalEvoked Potentials, MotorHumansMotor CortexMuscle, SkeletalMuscle StrengthResistance TrainingConnectivityCross-educationExcitabilityInhibitionMirror neuronsTwitch force

Identifiers

PMID29995227

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.