ReviewDisease models & mechanisms2018
The metabolic axis of macrophage and immune cell polarization.
Review in Disease models & mechanisms, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed.
- Autofluorescence lifetime imaging resolves cell heterogeneity within peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Biophotonics discovery · 2026Article
- Autofluorescence lifetime imaging resolves cell heterogeneity within peripheral blood mononuclear cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages during mycobacterial infection: a review of immunometabolic crosstalk and pathogen manipulation.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Review
- Article
- Where lung cancer and tuberculosis intersect: recent advances.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Direct visualization of emergent metastatic features within an ex vivo model of the tumor microenvironment.Life science alliance · 2025Article
- Article
- Gradients and consequences of heterogeneity in biofilms.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2022Review
- miR‑382 inhibits breast cancer progression and metastasis by affecting the M2 polarization of tumor‑associated macrophages by targeting PGC‑1α.International journal of oncology · 2022Article
- Plasma Pyruvate Kinase M2 as a marker of vascular inflammation in giant cell arteritis.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2022Article
- Metabolism in tumor-associated macrophages.International review of cell and molecular biology · 2022Article
- The Landscape of the Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cell and Prognostic Nomogram in Colorectal Cancer.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- Targeting lipid metabolism reprogramming of immunocytes in response to the tumor microenvironment stressor: A potential approach for tumor therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Global characterization of macrophage polarization mechanisms and identification of M2-type polarization inhibitors.Cell reports · 2021Article
- Influence of CeInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- The MEMIC is an ex vivo system to model the complexity of the tumor microenvironment.Disease models & mechanisms · 2021Article
- The role of macrophage polarization and associated mechanisms in regulating the anti-inflammatory action of acupuncture: a literature review and perspectives.Chinese medicine · 2021Review
- Genetic and biological hallmarks of colorectal cancer.Genes & development · 2021Review
- Metabolic heterogeneity and immunocompetence of infiltrating immune cells in the breast cancer microenvironment (Review).Oncology reports · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The extracellular space of solid tumors ranges from being well-nurtured to being completely ischemic and can serve as a source of intratumoral heterogeneity, determining the behavior and molecular profiles of malignant and stromal cells. Here, we discuss how the metabolic tumor microenvironment modulates the phenotypes of the immune cells that infiltrate tumors, with an emphasis on tumor-associated macrophages. These cells constitute a diverse population that has pro-tumoral and anti-inflammatory properties, and are likened to anti-inflammatory 'M2' macrophages. Recent findings show how different metabolic microenvironments specify an array of phenotypic changes in macrophages. In tumors, extracellular metabolite levels vary predictably according to proximity to the vasculature, and phenotypic changes in tumor-associated macrophages and in other immune cells are also predictable. We speculate that this 'metabolic axis' of macrophage polarization modulates - and is modulated by - the response to inflammatory cues, creating a wide variety of possible phenotypic states. Understanding how extracellular metabolites influence cell phenotypes allows us to predict how tumor-associated macrophages and other tumor cells might change, with the aim of harnessing this predictability for therapy. Overall, we describe an emerging picture in which chemokines, growth factors and the metabolic tumor microenvironment act together to determine the phenotypes of tumor-infiltrating immune cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.