ReviewIEEE reviews in biomedical engineering2018
Breathing Rate Estimation From the Electrocardiogram and Photoplethysmogram: A Review.
Review in IEEE reviews in biomedical engineering, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Automatic Sleep Staging Using Cardiorespiratory Signals: A Systematic Review of Methodologies and Performance.Journal of medical systems · 2026Pooled it
- Sensing Systems for Respiration Monitoring: A Technical Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Pooled it
- Robust Estimation of Respiratory Variability Uncovers Correlates of Limbic Brain Activity and Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Context of Traumatic Stress.IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering · 2022Trial
- Respiratory-induced liver motion prediction using ECG as surrogate signal.International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery · 2026Article
- Networks of respiratory-muscular coupling in exercise and fatigue in young adults.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Respiratory Monitoring in Motion: An Overview of Wearable Methods and Algorithmic Approaches for Reliable Assessment.Biosensors · 2026Review
- Unlocking high-intensity performance thresholds through ventilatory signatures in the ECG.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Continuous Emotion Recognition Using EDA-Graphs: A Graph Signal Processing Approach for Affective Dimension Estimation.Applied sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Clinical Evaluation of an AI-Based Prototype for Contactless Respiratory Monitoring in Children.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A late fusion multi-task learning for respiratory waveform and rate estimation from photoplethysmography.PloS one · 2026Article
- Noncontact Visualization of Respiration and Vital Sign Monitoring Using a Single Mid-Wave Infrared Thermal Camera: Preliminary Proof-of-Concept.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- CLEP-GAN: an innovative approach to subject-independent ECG reconstruction from PPG signals.BMC bioinformatics · 2025Article
- Thermal Cameras for Overnight Measuring of Respiration in a Clinical Setting.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Elucidating the Reactivity of Reflectance-Based Core-Body Photoplethysmogram to Posture and Respiratory Changes.IEEE sensors journal · 2025Article
- Comparison of Techniques for Respiratory Rate Extraction from Electrocardiogram and Photoplethysmogram.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Robust Prediction of Cardiorespiratory Signals from a Multimodal Physiological System on the Upper Arm.Biosensors · 2025Article
- Precision management in chronic disease: An AI empowered perspective on medicine-engineering crossover.iScience · 2025Review
- Non-Intrusive Monitoring of Vital Signs in the Lower Limbs Using Optical Sensors.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Exhaled Breath Analysis: From Laboratory Test to Wearable Sensing.IEEE reviews in biomedical engineering · 2025Review
- A guide to consumer-grade wearables in cardiovascular clinical care and population health for non-experts.NPJ cardiovascular health · 2025Review
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Breathing rate (BR) is a key physiological parameter used in a range of clinical settings. Despite its diagnostic and prognostic value, it is still widely measured by counting breaths manually. A plethora of algorithms have been proposed to estimate BR from the electrocardiogram (ECG) and pulse oximetry (photoplethysmogram, PPG) signals. These BR algorithms provide opportunity for automated, electronic, and unobtrusive measurement of BR in both healthcare and fitness monitoring. This paper presents a review of the literature on BR estimation from the ECG and PPG. First, the structure of BR algorithms and the mathematical techniques used at each stage are described. Second, the experimental methodologies that have been used to assess the performance of BR algorithms are reviewed, and a methodological framework for the assessment of BR algorithms is presented. Third, we outline the most pressing directions for future research, including the steps required to use BR algorithms in wearable sensors, remote video monitoring, and clinical practice.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.