ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2018
Immune Checkpoints as the Immune System Regulators and Potential Biomarkers in HIV-1 Infection.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV-Related Arterial Stiffness in Malawian Adults Is Associated With the Proportion of PD-1-Expressing CD8+ T Cells and Reverses With Antiretroviral Therapy.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Trial
- The Long Shadow of Early HCMV-HIV Coinfection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Immune Consequences.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Real-world efficacy and safety of PD-1 inhibitors in patients living with HIV and cancer: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- CD70: An emerging target for integrated cancer diagnosis and therapy.Clinical and translational medicine · 2025Review
- HIV status alters immune cell infiltration and activation profile in women with breast cancer.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Causal relationship between hypothyroidism and ulcerative colitis: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.BMC gastroenterology · 2024Article
- KDM5A/B contribute to HIV-1 latent infection and survival of HIV-1 infected cells.Antiviral research · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Combined with Targeted Therapy: The Recent Advances and Future Potentials.Cancers · 2023Review
- Article
- PD-1 blockade attenuates surgery-mediated immunosuppression and boosts Th1 immunity perioperatively in oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Distinct fecal microbial signatures are linked to sex and chronic immune activation in pediatric HIV infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The landscape of enhancer RNA identify prognosis-related molecular subtypes in gastric cancer.Cancer medicine · 2023Article
- Can Soluble Immune Checkpoint Molecules on Exosomes Mediate Inflammation?Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2022Review
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- Anti-inflammatory effects of recreational marijuana in virally suppressed youth with HIV-1 are reversed by use of tobacco products in combination with marijuana.Retrovirology · 2022Article
- HIV-1 induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells is mediated by cellular interaction with suppressive T cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Soluble Immune Checkpoints Are Dysregulated in COVID-19 and Heavy Alcohol Users With HIV Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoints are several co-stimulatory and inhibitory pathways that regulate T cell immune responses. Most of the discoveries about immune checkpoints were made in cancer research where inhibitory immune checkpoints cause immune exhaustion and down-regulate anti-tumor responses. In addition to cancer, immune checkpoints are exploited in chronic infectious diseases. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the immune checkpoint molecule called programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) has been determined as being a major regulatory factor for T cell exhaustion. Recent studies with antibodies blocking either PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) or PD-1 show not only promising results in the enhancement of HIV-specific immune responses but even in reducing the latent HIV reservoir. Apart from the therapeutic target for a functional cure of HIV-1, immune checkpoint molecules might be used as biomarkers for monitoring disease progression and therapeutic response. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules PD-1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing-3 (TIM3) as well as the co-stimulatory molecules CD40L and CD70, including their role in immunity, with a particular focus on HIV infection, and being potential targets for a functional HIV cure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.