ReviewCurrent opinion in immunology2018
The hygiene hypothesis: immunological mechanisms of airway tolerance.
Review in Current opinion in immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Distinct phenotypes and repertoires of bronchoalveolar and airway mucosal T cells in health and allergic asthma.Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and their role in human health and disease.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- Premastication-Review of an Infant Feeding Practice and Its Potential Impact on Allergy and Microbiome Development.Allergy · 2025Review
- Decoding Allergic Conjunctivitis: Latest Perspectives on Etiological Drivers and Immunopathological Mechanisms.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- Active fungal infections alter the respiratory microbiome profiles of Mayo Clinic Arizona patients.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2025Article
- NOD2-NLRP3 Axis and Asthma.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2025Review
- Unlocking the potential for microbiome-based therapeutics to address the sustainable development goal of good health and wellbeing.Microbial biotechnology · 2024Review
- Tyndallized bacteria prime bronchial epithelial cells to mount an effective innate immune response against infections.Human cell · 2024Article
- Risk factors of allergic rhinitis and its prevention strategies.Frontiers in allergy · 2024Review
- Coinhibitory Molecule VISTA Play an Important Negative Regulatory Role in the Immunopathology of Bronchial Asthma.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2024Article
- Saliva contact during infancy and allergy development in school-age children.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Global · 2023Article
- The Role of the Microbiome in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Asthma.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Review
- Tyndallized Bacteria Preferentially Induce Human Macrophage M1 Polarization: An Effect Useful to Balance Allergic Immune Responses and to Control Infections.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Evaluation of selected aspects of the hygiene hypothesis and their effect on the incidence of allergy.International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health · 2023Article
- Advancing Lung Immunology Research: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2022Article
- [Protective effect of excretory-secretory proteins fromNan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2022Article
- Treatment with Distinct Antibiotic Classes Causes Different Pulmonary Outcomes on Allergic Airway Inflammation Associated with Modulation of Symbiotic Microbiota.Journal of immunology research · 2022Article
- Current Strategies to Modulate Regulatory T Cell Activity in Allergic Inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis was initially proposed as an explanation for the alarming rise in allergy prevalence in the last century. The immunological idea behind this hypothesis was a lack of infections associated with a Western lifestyle and a consequential reduction in type 1 immune responses. It is now understood that the development of tolerance to allergens depends on microbial colonization and immunostimulatory environmental signals during early-life or passed on by the mother. These environmental cues are sensed and integrated by barrier epithelial cells of the lungs and possibly skin, which in turn instruct dendritic cells to regulate or impede adaptive T cell responses. Recent reports also implicate immunoregulatory macrophages as powerful suppressors of allergy by the microbiome. We propose that loss of adequate microbial stimulation due to a Western lifestyle may result in hypersensitive barrier tissues and the observed rise in type 2 allergic disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.