ReviewF1000Research2018
Sex/gender differences in cognition, neurophysiology, and neuroanatomy.
Review in F1000Research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sex differences in electrical activity of the brain during sleep: a systematic review of electroencephalographic findings across the human lifespan.Biomedical engineering online · 2025Pooled it
- Sex/Gender Differences in Verbal Fluency and Verbal-Episodic Memory: A Meta-Analysis.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2023Pooled it
- Neuroanatomical correlates of neuropsychological dysfunction in pediatric pharmacoresistant epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia type II.Epilepsia open · 2026Article
- The relationship between clinical reasoning and self-efficacy in clinical performance among nursing students.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Redefining cognitive testing: the impact of cognitive reserve and sex from early to late adulthood.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Explicit gender stereotypes and sexually polymorphic cognition by gender identity.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Autistic Adults Avoid Unpredictability in Decision-Making.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Differential Lesion Patterns Associated With Stroke-Induced Apraxia in Women and Men.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Multivariate decomposition of gender differentials in cognitive impairment among older adults in India based on Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, 2017-2018.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Gender differences in like-sex middle-aged twins: an extended network analysis of depressive symptoms, cognitive functions and leisure activities.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Article
- Interactive Relations of Body Mass Index, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Sex to Cognitive Function in Older Adults.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2024Article
- Role of the STING→IRF3 Pathway in Ambient GABA Homeostasis and Cognitive Function.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Article
- Recommendations for the Application of Sex and Gender Medicine in Preclinical, Epidemiological and Clinical Research.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Sex as a Determinant of Age-Related Changes in the Brain.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Could driving help us to "see better"? A comparative assessment of saccadic efficiency, visual speed, and attention.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Large scale investigation of the effect of gender on mu rhythm suppression in motor imagery brain-computer interfaces.Brain computer interfaces (Abingdon, England) · 2024Article
- Verbal and non-verbal skills in early childhood: dimensionality, developmental trajectories, and gender differences.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- The relationship between gender differences in dietary habits, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2024Review
- Genetic and environmental influence on resting state networks in young male and female adults: a cartographer mapping study.Human brain mapping · 2023Article
- Brain-Based Predictions of Psychiatric Illness-Linked Behaviors Across the Sexes.Biological psychiatry · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In this mini-review, I summarize and interpret the current status of sex/gender differences in terms of brain anatomy, brain function, behavior, and cognition. Based on this review and the reported findings, I conclude that most of these sex/gender differences are not large enough to support the assumption of sexual dimorphism in terms of brain anatomy, brain function, cognition, and behavior. Instead, I suggest that many brain and cognitive features are modulated by environment, culture, and practice (and several other influences). These influences interact with the menstrual cycle, the general hormone level, and current gender stereotypes in a way that has not yet been fully understood.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.