ArticleDrug design, development and therapy2018
The mechanism of botulinum A on Raynaud syndrome.
Article in Drug design, development and therapy, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of botulinum toxin as a treatment for Raynaud's disease secondary to scleroderma.Clinical rheumatology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Efficacy of adipose stromal cells-enriched high-density fat graft combined with BTX-A for Raynaud's phenomenon: a prospective cohort study.Arthritis research & therapy · 2025Trial
- Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Botulinum Therapy Based on the Anthropometric Characteristics of the Face Using Non-Invasive Thermal Imaging Data.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Vascular Effects of Botulinum Toxin in Human Skin.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- Toxin for Treating Raynaud Conditions in Hands (The TORCH Study): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2024Article
- Botulinum toxin-A: A novel treatment for livedoid vasculopathy.JAAD case reports · 2022Article
- The Multispecialty Toxin: A Literature Review of Botulinum Toxin.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2022Article
- Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A in the Treatment of Facial Seborrhea and Acne: Evidence and a Proposed Mechanism.Toxins · 2021Review
- Is axillary botulinum toxin efficient in controlling secondary Raynaud's phenomenon? A case report.Journal of scleroderma and related disorders · 2021Article
- Targeted high concentration botulinum toxin A injections in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: a retrospective single-centre experience.Rheumatology international · 2021Observational
- Raynaud's phenomenon.Journal of scleroderma and related disorders · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBotulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is emerging as a treatment modality for Raynaud's phenomenon (RP). However, the mechanism of the role of BoNT/A in antagonizing the constriction of arteriola in RP remains unclear. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe tested the constriction of arteriole diameter and the distribution of adrenergic receptors on the rat cremaster modle. Moreover, we measured the secretion of norepinephrine (NE), protein level changes and related receptors on cultured rat superior cervical ganglia neurons(SCGNs), a model of sympathetic neuron.
resultsBased on our results, the inhibition of arteriole vasoconstriction was increased with increasing doses of BoNT/A. BoNT/A, prazosin, and BQ123 treatment can result in significant inhibition of arteriole vasoconstriction with the same electrical stimulation. The inhibition effect of prazosin was equivalent to BoNT/A, while BQ123 has a synergistic effect with BoNT/A. After treating SCGNs using BoNT/A for 30 min, the decrease in fluorescence intensity of FM1-43 slowed down which was correlated with the doses of BoNT/A. Furthermore, release of NE in the supernatant was significantly decreased as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 24 h after a high dose of BoNT/A (25 µ/mL). Cleaved-SNAP-25 was detected by Western blotting 24 h following BoNT/A (50 µ/mL) treatment. Moreover, receptor SV2C, GM1, and FGFR3 were detected on sympathetic neurons, similarly to cholinergic neurons.
conclusionOur study showed that BoNT/A could significantly inhibit electrical stimulation-induced arteriole vasoconstriction through the sympathetic pathway. The mechanism was similar to the cholinergic one, in which the vesicle release of sympathetic neurons could be inhibited by cleavage of SNAP-25. The end result was blocked vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane after BoNT/A treatment, inhibiting the release of the NE.
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