ReviewAdvanced drug delivery reviews2019
Bacteriophage T4 nanoparticles for vaccine delivery against infectious diseases.
Review in Advanced drug delivery reviews, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- Insight into Bacteriophage Therapy for Bacterial Infections and Cancer.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Review
- Preclinical Evaluation of a Phage T4-Based Multi-Epitope Nanoparticle Vaccine Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- M13 phage-based antigen presentation and immune response activation in vaccine development for animal infectious diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Bacteriophage T4 genome packaging: mechanism and application.EcoSal Plus · 2025Review
- Bacteriophages as vaccine platforms: Opportunities and challenges in translation.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- A Comprehensive Review of the Application of Bacteriophages Against Enteric Bacterial Infection in Poultry: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Innovative nanocarriers: Synthetic and biomimetic strategies for enhanced drug delivery.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- The gut microbiota in cancer immunity and immunotherapy.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Review
- Influenza Virus: Global Health Impact, Strategies, Challenges, Role of Nanotechnolgy in Influenza Vaccine Development.Vaccines · 2025Review
- A Modular Bacteriophage T4 Nanoparticle Platform Enables Rapid Design of Dual COVID-19-Flu Mucosal Vaccines.Small science · 2025Article
- MS2 virus-like particles as a versatile platform for multi-disease vaccines: a review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Advancements in research leveraging phage display technology for gastric cancer diagnosis and treatment.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- A Comprehensive Review on Phage Therapy and Phage-Based Drug Development.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Current status of clinical trials for phage therapy.Journal of medical microbiology · 2024Review
- Bacteriophage T4 as a Protein-Based, Adjuvant- and Needle-Free, Mucosal Pandemic Vaccine Design Platform.Annual review of virology · 2024Review
- Designing molecules: directing stem cell differentiation.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Bacteriophage Virus-Like Particles: Platforms for Vaccine Design.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Review
- Conventional Electron Microscopy, Cryogenic Electron Microscopy, and Cryogenic Electron Tomography of Viruses.Sub-cellular biochemistry · 2024Review
- Advancements in ovarian cancer immunodiagnostics and therapeutics via phage display technology.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Structure and Function of Hoc-A Novel Environment Sensing Device Encoded by T4 and Other Bacteriophages.Viruses · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Subunit vaccines containing one or more target antigens from pathogenic organisms represent safer alternatives to whole pathogen vaccines. However, the antigens by themselves are not sufficiently immunogenic and require additives known as adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Assembly of the antigens into virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) is a better approach as it allows presentation of the epitopes in a more native context. The repetitive, symmetrical, and high density display of antigens on the VLPs mimic pathogen-associated molecular patterns seen on bacteria and viruses. The antigens, thus, might be better presented to stimulate host's innate as well as adaptive immune systems thereby eliciting both humoral and cellular immune responses. Bacteriophages such as phage T4 provide excellent platforms to generate the nanoparticle vaccines. The T4 capsid containing two non-essential outer proteins Soc and Hoc allow high density array of antigen epitopes in the form of peptides, domains, full-length proteins, or even multi-subunit complexes. Co-delivery of DNAs, targeting molecules, and/or molecular adjuvants provides additional advantages. Recent studies demonstrate that the phage T4 VLPs are highly immunogenic, do not need an adjuvant, and provide complete protection against bacterial and viral pathogens. Thus, phage T4 could potentially be developed as a "universal" VLP platform to design future multivalent vaccines against complex and emerging pathogens.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.