ArticlePloS one2018
Costing analysis of an SMS-based intervention to promote HIV self-testing amongst truckers and sex workers in Kenya.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Costs of HIV testing services in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic literature review.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- How much does HIV self-testing cost in low and middle income countries? A systematic review of evidence from economic studies.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The economic costs and cost-effectiveness of HIV self-testing among truck drivers in Kenya.Health policy and planning · 2024Trial
- Overcoming cultural barriers to implementing oral HIV self-testing with high fidelity among Tanzanian youth.Translational behavioral medicine · 2021Trial
- An Interactive Text Messaging Intervention to Improve Adherence to Option B+ Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in Kenya: Cost Analysis.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2020Trial
- Who Accepts and Who Uses Community-Based Secondary Distribution HIV Self-Testing (HIVST) Kits? Findings From the Intervention Arm of a Cluster-Randomized Trial of HIVST Distribution Nested in Four HPTN 071 (PopART) Communities in Zambia.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2020Trial
- Article
- Clients' and providers' perspectives in informing a digital health intervention to improve linkage to care after Index HIV self-testing in Hai and Moshi Districts, Tanzania.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Mobile Phone-Based Confidential Social Network Referrals for HIV Testing (CONSORT): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Digital Intervention Services to Promote HIV Self-Testing and Linkage to Care Services: A Bibliometric and Content Analysis-Global Trends and Future Directions.Public health reviews · 2024Review
- Understanding the cost-utility of implementing HIV self-testing with digital-based supports.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- The Roles of Electronic Health Records for Clinical Trials in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Scoping Review.JMIR medical informatics · 2023Article
- Assessing awareness and use of HIV self-testing kits after the introduction of a community-based HIV self-testing programme among men who have sex with men in Kenya.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- HIV self-testing for men who have sex with men in Sweden. A cross-sectional study concerning interest to use HIV self-tests.Global health action · 2022Article
- Cost of integrating assisted partner services in HIV testing services in Kisumu and Homa Bay counties, Kenya: a microcosting study.BMC health services research · 2022Article
- How mHealth Can Contribute to Improving the Continuum of Care: A Scoping Review Approach to the Case of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Sub-Saharan Africa.Public health reviews · 2022Article
- Cost of running a full-service receiving office at a centralised testing laboratory in South Africa.African journal of laboratory medicine · 2022Article
- Costs of implementing community-based intervention for HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.Implementation science communications · 2021Review
- The Use of Information and Communication Technologies by Sex Workers to Manage Occupational Health and Safety: Scoping Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveHIV testing rates in many sub-Saharan African countries have remained suboptimal, and there is an urgent need to explore strategic yet cost-effective approaches to increase the uptake of HIV testing, especially among high-risk populations.
methodsA costing analysis was conducted for a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with male truckers and female sex workers (FSWs) registered in the electronic health record system (EHRS) of the North Star Alliance, which offers healthcare services at major transit hubs in Southern and East Africa. The RCT selected a sample of truckers and FSWs who were irregular HIV testers, according to the EHRS, and evaluated the effect of SMSs promoting the availability of HIV self-testing (HIVST) kits in Kenyan clinics (intervention program) versus a general SMS reminding clients to test for HIV (enhanced and standard program) on HIV testing rates. In this paper, we calculated costs from a provider perspective using a mixed-methods approach to identify, measure, and value the resources utilized within the intervention and standard programs. The results of the analysis reflect the cost per client tested.
resultsThe cost of offering HIVST was calculated to be double that of routine facility-based testing (USD 10.13 versus USD 5.01 per client tested), primarily due to the high price of the self-test kit. In the two study arms that only offered provider-administered HIV testing in the clinic, only 1% of truckers and 6% of FSWs tested during the study period, while in the intervention arm, which also offered HST, approximately 4% of truckers and 11% of FSWs tested. These lower than expected outcomes resulted in relatively high cost per client estimates for all three study arms. Within the intervention arm, 65% of truckers and 72% of FSWs who tested chose the HIVST option. However, within the intervention arm, the cost per additional client tested was lower for FSWs than for truckers, at USD 0.15 per additional client tested versus USD 0.58 per additional client tested, driven primarily by the higher response rates.
conclusionWhilst the availability of HIVST increased HIV testing among both truckers and FSWs, the cost of providing HIVST is higher than that of a routine health facility-based test, driven primarily by the price of the HIV self-test kit. Future research needs to identify strategies which increase demand for HIVST, and determine whether these strategies and the subsequent increased demand for HIVST are cost-effective in relation to the conventional facility based testing currently available.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.