ReviewJournal of foot and ankle research2018
Reliability and correlates of cross-sectional area of abductor hallucis and the medial belly of the flexor hallucis brevis measured by ultrasound.
Review in Journal of foot and ankle research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations Between Diabetic Foot Deformity and the Intrinsic Foot Muscles: A Systematic Review.Journal of foot and ankle research · 2025Pooled it
- Combined Use of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Short Foot Exercise Improves Navicular Height, Muscle Size, Function Mobility, and Risk of Falls in Healthy Older Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- The Effects of Electrical Stimulation Program on Navicular Height, Balance, and Fear of Falling in Community-Dwelling Elderly.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- Side-Step Cutting Foot Biomechanics and Intrinsic Foot Muscle Sizes in People With Chronic Ankle Instability.Journal of foot and ankle research · 2026Article
- Great Toe Strength and Direct Assessment Methods: A Scoping Review for Clinical Applications.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The role of morphology and function of intrinsic foot muscles in young handball players with chronic ankle instability.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Intra- and Inter-Rater Reliability of Ultrasound Imaging to Measure Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle Size.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Quantitative ultrasonography of the foot muscles: a comprehensive perspective on reliability.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2025Article
- The effects of intrinsic foot muscle strengthening interventions for adults over age 65: a randomized controlled trial protocol.Frontiers in aging · 2025Article
- A Literature Review of the Morphological Variability in the Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Traps Awaiting Clinicians during Ultrasound.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Relationship Between the Flexion Torque of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint and Intrinsic Foot Muscles Depends on the Ankle Joint Position.Foot & ankle orthopaedics · 2024Article
- Prevalence of impaired foot function in baseball players with and without disabled throwing shoulder/elbow: a case-control study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Age-Related Reduction of Foot Intrinsic Muscle Function and the Relationship with Postural Stability in Old Adults.Clinical interventions in aging · 2024Article
- Current evidence regarding 2D ultrasonography monitoring of intrinsic foot muscle properties: A systematic review.Heliyon · 2023Review
- The Features of Foot Morphology and Intrinsic Foot Muscle Property in Adolescent Swimmers: An Ultrasound-Based Study.Journal of human kinetics · 2023Article
- Associations of muscle volume of individual human plantar intrinsic foot muscles with morphological profiles of the foot.Journal of anatomy · 2022Article
- Effects of a 9-weeks arch support intervention on foot morphology in young soccer players: a crossover study.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2022Article
- Associations between the size of individual plantar intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles and toe flexor strength.Journal of foot and ankle research · 2022Article
- The feasibility and reliability of measuring forearm muscle thickness by ultrasound in a geriatric inpatient setting: a cross-sectional pilot study.BMC geriatrics · 2022Article
- Intra-assessor reliability and measurement error of ultrasound measures for foot muscle morphology in older adults using a tablet-based ultrasound machine.Journal of foot and ankle research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWeakness of the intrinsic foot muscles is thought to produce deformity, disability and pain. Assessing intrinsic foot muscles in isolation is a challenge; however ultrasound might provide a solution. The aims of this study were to assess the reproducibility of assessing the size of abductor halluces (AbH) and the medial belly of flexor hallucis brevis (FHBM) muscles, and identify their relationship with toe strength, foot morphology and balance.
methodsTwenty one participants aged 26-64 years were measured on two occasions for muscle cross-sectional area using a Siemens Acuson X300 Ultrasound System with 5-13 MHz linear array transducer. Great toe flexor strength was measured by pedobarography, the paper grip test and hand-held dynamometry. Foot morphology was assessed by foot length, truncated foot length, Foot Posture Index (FPI) and dorsal arch height. Balance was measured by the maximal step test. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC
resultsIntra-rater reliability was excellent for AbH (ICC
conclusionsMeasuring the cross-sectional area of AbH and FHBM with ultrasound is reproducible. Measures of strength, morphology and balance appear to relate more to the size of AbH than FHBM. After controlling for physical body size, cross-sectional area of AbH remained a significant correlate of great toe flexor strength and might be a useful biomarker to measure early therapeutic response to exercise.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.