ReviewClinical microbiology reviews2018
Virological and Immunological Outcomes of Coinfections.
Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 141 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
141 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 237 citations in OpenAlex.
- Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A/B among patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of Coinfection With SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza on Disease Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2021Pooled it
- The impact of malaria coinfection on Ebola virus disease outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Respiratory virus coinfections during the COVID-19 pandemic: epidemiologic analysis and clinical outcomes from the Phase 2/3 molnupiravir trial (MOVe-OUT).Microbiology spectrum · 2024Trial
- Two coinfecting archaeal viruses provide insights into virus-virus interactions.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Development of a potential vaccine against dengue and chikungunya virus co-infection using immunoinformatics and structural evaluation.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2026Article
- Double trouble: how co- and superinfections shape viral dynamics and host responses.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Clinical and genomic characterization of Influenza A co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza B: a respiratory surveillance study in Assam, India.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Association of respiratory viral detection with complex febrile seizures and hospitalisation in children after the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective observational study.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Observational
- Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in hematologic malignancy patients with probable CMV pneumonia.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Infectivity of recombinant Torque teno sus virus 1 in pigs coinfected with swine influenza virus.The Journal of general virology · 2026Article
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- First Evidence of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus and African Swine Fever Virus Natural Co-Infection in Pigs from Karnataka, India: An Epidemiological Investigation.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Post-discharge mortality among SARS-CoV-2-infected adult patients with severe acute respiratory infection in Bangladesh (2020-2023): burden, clinical characteristics, and associated risk factors.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- [Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Clinical Challenges of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Co-infections in Children].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2026Review
- Simultaneous and Sequential Coexposures ofmicroPublication biology · 2026Article
- Integrated surveillance of arboviruses in febrile patients from the Brazilian Amazon reveals complex co-circulation dynamics and hidden viral diversity.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2026Article
- The order of infection shapes disease outcomes in influenza and herpes simplex virus coinfection by modulating immune responses.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Evaluation of long-term immunity following inoculation with highly diverse orthomarburgvirus isolates in Egyptian rousette bats (Journal of virology · 2025Article
81 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coinfections involving viruses are being recognized to influence the disease pattern that occurs relative to that with single infection. Classically, we usually think of a clinical syndrome as the consequence of infection by a single virus that is isolated from clinical specimens. However, this biased laboratory approach omits detection of additional agents that could be contributing to the clinical outcome, including novel agents not usually considered pathogens. The presence of an additional agent may also interfere with the targeted isolation of a known virus. Viral interference, a phenomenon where one virus competitively suppresses replication of other coinfecting viruses, is the most common outcome of viral coinfections. In addition, coinfections can modulate virus virulence and cell death, thereby altering disease severity and epidemiology. Immunity to primary virus infection can also modulate immune responses to subsequent secondary infections. In this review, various virological mechanisms that determine viral persistence/exclusion during coinfections are discussed, and insights into the isolation/detection of multiple viruses are provided. We also discuss features of heterologous infections that impact the pattern of immune responsiveness that develops.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.