ReviewMedical microbiology and immunology2018
PA-X: a key regulator of influenza A virus pathogenicity and host immune responses.
Review in Medical microbiology and immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Characterisation of the tilapia lake virus proteome and identification of an 11th protein, S9-F3.Npj viruses · 2026Article
- The PA-X host shutoff site 100 V exerts a contrary effect on viral fitness of the highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza A virus in mice and chickens.Virulence · 2025Article
- Chronic Diseases and Influenza Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Review
- H5N1 2.3.4.4b: a review of mammalian adaptations and risk of pandemic emergence.The Journal of general virology · 2025Review
- Seasonal influenza a virus lineages exhibit divergent abilities to antagonize interferon induction and signaling.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Evaluation of a novel intramuscular prime/intranasal boost vaccination strategy against influenza in the pig model.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Article
- Cell fusing agent virus isolated from Aag2 cells does not vertically transmit in Aedes aegypti via artificial infection.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
- Interaction among inflammasome, PANoptosise, and innate immune cells in infection of influenza virus: Updated review.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Review
- How influenza shuts down host transcription.Nature microbiology · 2023Article
- Influenza A virus inhibits TET2 expression by endoribonuclease PA-X to attenuate type I interferon signaling and promote viral replication.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Protein sequence features of H1N1 swine influenza A viruses detected on commercial swine farms in Serbia.Journal of veterinary research · 2023Article
- Detection and Characterization of an H9N2 Influenza A Virus in the Egyptian Rousette Bat in Limpopo, South Africa.Viruses · 2023Article
- NS1 and PA-X of H1N1/09 influenza virus act in a concerted manner to manipulate the innate immune response of porcine respiratory epithelial cells.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Strategies of Influenza A Virus to Ensure the Translation of Viral mRNAs.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- PA-X protein of H1N1 subtype influenza virus disables the nasal mucosal dendritic cells for strengthening virulence.Virulence · 2022Article
- Roles of RNA Sensors in Host Innate Response to Influenza Virus and Coronavirus Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- System Complexity in Influenza Infection and Vaccination: Effects upon Excess Winter Mortality.Infectious disease reports · 2022Article
- Induction and Evasion of Type-I Interferon Responses during Influenza A Virus Infection.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
PA-X, a fusion protein belonging to influenza A viruses (IAVs), integrating the N-terminal 191 amino acids of PA gene and the ribosomal frame-shifting product that lengthens out to 41 or 61 amino acids. Since its discovery in 2012, multiple functions have been attributed to this small protein, including a process, where wide-spread protein synthesis in infected host cells is shut down (called host shutoff), and viral replication, polymerase activity, viral-induced cell apoptosis, PA nuclear localization, and virulence are modulated. However, many of its proposed functions may be specific to strain, subtype, host, or cell line. In this review, we start by describing the well-defined global host-shutoff ability of PA-X and the potential mechanisms underlying it. We move on to the role played by PA-X in modulating innate and acquired immune responses in the host. We then systematically discuss the role played by PA-X in modulating the virulence of influenza viruses of different subtypes and host origins, and finish with a general overview of the research advances made in identifying the host cell partners that interact with PA-X. To uncover possible clues about the differential effects of PA-X in modulating viral virulence, we focus on systemically evaluating polymorphisms in PA-X from various viral subtypes and hosts, including avian and human H5N1, H5N6, H9N2, and H7N9 viruses. Finally, we conclude with a proposition regarding the possible future research directions for this important protein.
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