Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29971406›Full record

ReviewJAMA internal medicine2018

The Carbohydrate-Insulin Model of Obesity: Beyond "Calories In, Calories Out".

David S Ludwig, Cara B Ebbeling

Registry-linked trialOpen access · greenAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in JAMA internal medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06416254 (The Effects of a Diet Enriched With Dietary Fibre on Glycaemic Response, Gastrointestinal Tolerability, Satiety, and Microbiome Functionality), which is not on this map. Cited by 239 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
239citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
23.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06416254 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2024, after this paper: background citation

The Effects of a Diet Enriched With Dietary Fibre on Glycaemic Response, Gastrointestinal Tolerability, Satiety, and Microbiome Functionality (The Fibre Full Study).

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity College CorkRan2024 to 2024Enrolled24ConditionsOverweight and ObesityArmsFibre-enriched diet, Control diet
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

239 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 417 citations in OpenAlex.

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179 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

David S LudwigThe New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Cara B EbbelingThe New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Boston Children's Hospital · USNew Balance (United States) · US

Funding

Effects of Diet on Hormones, Metabolism and Body WeightK24DK082730 · NIDDK · BOSTON CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL · PI LUDWIG, DAVID S · 2009 to 2018
$1.6M
NIDDK NIH HHS K24 DK082730
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Despite intensive research, the causes of the obesity epidemic remain incompletely understood and conventional calorie-restricted diets continue to lack long-term efficacy. According to the carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM) of obesity, recent increases in the consumption of processed, high-glycemic-load carbohydrates produce hormonal changes that promote calorie deposition in adipose tissue, exacerbate hunger, and lower energy expenditure. Basic and genetic research provides mechanistic evidence in support of the CIM. In animals, dietary composition has been clearly demonstrated to affect metabolism and body composition, independently of calorie intake, consistent with CIM predictions. Meta-analyses of behavioral trials report greater weight loss with reduced-glycemic load vs low-fat diets, though these studies characteristically suffer from poor long-term compliance. Feeding studies have lacked the rigor and duration to test the CIM, but the longest such studies tend to show metabolic advantages for low-glycemic load vs low-fat diets. Beyond the type and amount of carbohydrate consumed, the CIM provides a conceptual framework for understanding how many dietary and nondietary exposures might alter hormones, metabolism, and adipocyte biology in ways that could predispose to obesity. Pending definitive studies, the principles of a low-glycemic load diet offer a practical alternative to the conventional focus on dietary fat and calorie restriction.

Indexed as

AnimalsCaloric RestrictionDietary CarbohydratesEnergy IntakeEnergy MetabolismHumansHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinInsulin ResistanceObesityDietary CarbohydratesHypoglycemic AgentsInsulin

Identifiers

PMID29971406
PMCPMC6082688
OpenAlexW2811369088

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.