SynthesisThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2018
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Exposures and Cholera in Case-Control Studies.
Synthesis in The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Determinants of cholera among affected population of Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Associations of water quality with cholera in case-control studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Associations among Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, and Food Exposures and Typhoid Fever in Case-Control Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Pooled it
- Effect of a Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program on Handwashing with a Cleansing Agent among Diarrhea Patients and Attendants in Healthcare Facilities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Randomized Pilot of the PICHA7 Program.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Trial
- Randomized Controlled Trial of the Cholera-Hospital-Based-Intervention-for-7-Days (CHoBI7) Cholera Rapid Response Program to Reduce Diarrheal Diseases in Bangladesh.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Estimating time-varying cholera transmission and oral cholera vaccine effectiveness in Haiti and Cameroon, 2021-2023.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Process evaluation for the delivery of a water, sanitation, and hygiene mobile health program: randomized controlled trial of the WASHmobile PICHA7 program.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Evaluation of an Emergency Water Tank Monitoring Program Implemented During Cholera Outbreak in Lusaka, Zambia (2017-2018).The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Cholera outbreak associated with drinking contaminated lake shore water, Namayingo District, Uganda, July-August 2023.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Multistate cholera outbreak in Sudan amid ongoing armed conflict, 2023-2024.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2025Article
- Building resilience against cholera: lessons from the implementation of integrated community strategy for cholera control in Zambia.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Identifying the factors affecting quality of life among brucellosis patients in Herat, Afghanistan: a case-control study.Infection ecology & epidemiology · 2025Article
- Case-area targeted interventions and free chlorine residual in household drinking water: An observational cohort study during a cholera outbreak in Northeast Nigeria.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Observational
- An integrated framework for antimicrobial resistance: links with climate change and vulnerability.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin: Uptake and challenges in rural Coimbatore.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2024Article
- Article
- Potential re-emergence of cholera in Brazil.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
- Case-area targeted interventions during a large-scale cholera epidemic: A prospective cohort study in Northeast Nigeria.PLoS medicine · 2024Observational
- The Role of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WaSH) Interventions on Health and Behavioral Outcomes during Humanitarian Crisis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Iranian journal of public health · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Case-control studies are conducted to identify cholera transmission routes. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) exposures can facilitate cholera transmission (risk factors) or interrupt transmission (protective factors). To our knowledge, the association between WASH exposures and cholera from case-control studies has not been systematically analyzed. A systematic review was completed to close this gap, including describing the theory of risk and protection, developing inclusion criteria, searching and selecting studies, assessing quality of evidence, and summarizing associations between cholera and seven predicted WASH protective factors and eight predicted WASH risk factors using meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis. Overall, 47 articles describing 51 individual studies from 30 countries met the inclusion criteria. All eight predicted risk factors were associated with higher odds of cholera (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9-5.6), with heterogeneity (
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