ArticlePeerJ2018
Methods matter: the relationship between strength and hypertrophy depends on methods of measurement and analysis.
Article in PeerJ, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The impact of resistance training on gluteus maximus hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Pooled it
- Neither pre-sleep nor post-exercise protein consumption influences resistance exercise training adaptations in older adults.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Trial
- Relationship between hypertrophy, strength gains and tensiomyography adaptations: a moderator role of contraction duration.European journal of applied physiology · 2022Trial
- Technique-Specific Load-Velocity Profiling and Prediction Equation for the Back Squat in Elite Portuguese Rugby Players.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Muscle Growth Is Very Strongly Correlated with Strength Gains after Lower Body Resistance Training: New Insight from Within-Participant Associations.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2025Article
- Biomechanical, Anthropometric and Psychological Determinants of Barbell Bench Press Strength.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Does Back Squat Exercise Lead to Regional Hypertrophy among Quadriceps Femoris Muscles?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Evaluating the Feasibility and Reliability of Remotely Delivering and Scoring the North Star Ambulatory Assessment in Ambulant Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Longing for a Longitudinal Proxy: Acutely Measured Surface EMG Amplitude is not a Validated Predictor of Muscle Hypertrophy.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Article
- Confounds in neuroimaging: A clear case of sex as a confound in brain-based prediction.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- The PROMOTe study: targeting the gut microbiome with prebiotics to overcome age-related anabolic resistance: protocol for a double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.BMC geriatrics · 2021Article
- Exercise-Induced Changes in Muscle Size do not Contribute to Exercise-Induced Changes in Muscle Strength.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2019Article
- Exercise-Induced Myofibrillar Hypertrophy is a Contributory Cause of Gains in Muscle Strength.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2019Article
- A Critical Evaluation of the Biological Construct Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Size Matters but So Does the Measurement.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Article
- To Flex or Rest: Does Adding No-Load Isometric Actions to the Inter-Set Rest Period in Resistance Training Enhance Muscular Adaptations? A Randomized-Controlled Trial.Frontiers in physiology · 2019Article
- Basic statistical considerations for physiology: The journalTemperature (Austin, Tex.) · 2019Review
- Similar Effects of 24 Weeks of Resistance Training Performed with Different Frequencies on Muscle Strength, Muscle Mass, and Muscle Quality in Older Women.International journal of exercise science · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe relationship between changes in muscle size and strength may be affected by both measurement and statistical approaches, but their effects have not been fully considered or quantified. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to explore how different methods of measurement and analysis can affect inferences surrounding the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain.
methodsData from a previous study-in which participants performed eight weeks of elbow flexor training, followed by an eight-week period of detraining-were reanalyzed using different statistical models, including standard between-subject correlations, analysis of covariance, and hierarchical linear modeling.
resultsThe associative relationship between strength and hypertrophy is highly dependent upon both method/site of measurement and analysis; large differences in variance accounted for (VAF) by the statistical models were observed (VAF = 0-24.1%). Different sites and measurements of muscle size showed a range of correlations coefficients with one another (
conclusionsMethods of measurement and analysis greatly influence the conclusions that may be drawn from a given dataset. Analyses that do not account for inter-individual differences may underestimate the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain, and different methods of assessing muscle size will produce different results. It is suggested that robust experimental designs and analysis techniques, which control for different mechanistic sources of strength gain and inter-individual differences (e.g., muscle moment arms, muscle architecture, activation, and normalized muscle force), be employed in future investigations.
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