ArticleBrain sciences2018
Education and Income Predict Future Emotional Well-Being of Whites but Not Blacks: A Ten-Year Cohort.
Article in Brain sciences, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- How do income changes impact on mental health and wellbeing for working-age adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Public health · 2022Pooled it
- Adverse Childhood Experiences Underlie Race-Related Differences in Neural Reactivity to Stress.Behavioural neurology · 2026Article
- Understanding Links between Race/Ethnicity and Health: Does Participation in the Musical Arts Matter?Psychology of aesthetics, creativity, and the arts · 2025Article
- Broken Ties: Black Americans' Diminished Return of Socioeconomic Status on Subjective Well-being.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Minorities' Diminished Psychedelic Returns: Income and Educations Impact on Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Black Women as Superwomen? The Mental Health Effects of Superwoman Schema, Socioeconomic Status, and Financial Strain.Social problems · 2025Article
- Subjective Well-Being among African Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American LifeSociological focus · 2025Article
- High Systolic Blood Pressure of High-Income African American Children.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Financial Risk Aversion Among Older Black and White Adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- Exposure to Adverse Life Events among Children Transitioning into Adolescence: Intersections of Socioeconomic Position and Race.Journal of mental health & clinical psychology · 2024Article
- What is Common Becomes Normal; Black-White Variation in the Effects of Adversities on Subsequent Initiation of Tobacco and Marijuana During Transitioning into Adolescence.Journal of mental health & clinical psychology · 2024Article
- Handing Money to the Poor Is Never Enough: The Impact of Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns.Global journal of epidemiology and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Love, health, and the 'hood: An examination of romantic relationship adjustment and perceived neighborhood quality as predictors of partnered Black Americans' long-term psychological health.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2023Article
- Did mental and emotional health of SNAP families' children improve during the COVID-19 pandemic?Preventive medicine · 2023Article
- Parental Education and Adolescents' Asthma: The Role of Ethnicity.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Immigration Status, Educational Level, and Perceived Discrimination in Europe.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Exploring the Association Between Affect and Leisure Activity Engagement in Black Adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2022Article
- Social Determinants of Mental, Physical, and Oral Health of Middle-Aged and Older African Americans in South Los Angeles.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Immigration Status, Socioeconomic Status, and Self-Rated Health in Europe.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Gender Gap in Self-Rated Health: A Cohort Perspective in Eastern European Countries.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe Minorities’ Diminished Return (MDR) theory is defined as systematically smaller effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on the health and well-being of minority groups when compared to Whites. To extend the existing literature on the MDR theory as applied to the change of mental well-being over time, we investigated Black-White differences in the effects of baseline education and income on subsequent changes in positive and negative affect over a ten-year period.
methodsThe Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) is a 10-year longitudinal study of American adults. This analysis followed 3731 adults who were either Whites (
resultsHigh education at baseline was associated with an increase in income over the 10-year follow up period for Whites but not Blacks. An increase in income during the follow up period was associated with an increase in the positive affect over time for Whites but not Blacks.
conclusionThe MDR theory is also relevant to the effects of baseline education attainment on subsequent changes in income and then in turn on positive affect over time. The relative disadvantage of Blacks in comparison to Whites in receiving mental health gains from SES may reflect structural racism and discrimination in the United States. There is a need for additional research on specific societal barriers that minimize Blacks’ mental health gains from their SES resources, such as education and income. There is also a need for policies and programs that help Blacks to leverage their SES resources.
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