Trial reportVaccine2018
Randomized trial comparing the safety and antibody responses to live attenuated versus inactivated influenza vaccine when administered to breastfeeding women.
Trial report in Vaccine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Double-Edged Sword: Breast Milk-Derived Maternal Antibodies and Infant Vaccine Responses: A Narrative Review.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Transfer of breast milk IgA to infants after oral bivalent norovirus vaccination of post-partum women.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Inclusion of Women, Children, the Elderly, and Individuals With Underlying Medical Conditions: Prioritizing Vulnerable Populations in Clinical Research.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Review
- Transcriptome analysis in human breast milk and blood in a randomized trial after inactivated or attenuated influenza immunization.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Development and Concordance of Binding and Neutralizing Assays to Determine SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Activity in Human Milk.Pathogens & immunity · 2025Article
- Safety of COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy and Lactation: A VigiBase Analysis.Journal of Korean medical science · 2024Article
- Assessment of human milk samples obtained pre and post-influenza vaccination reveals a poor boosting of seasonally-relevant, hemagglutinin-specific antibodies.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Article
- Molecular alterations in human milk in simulated maternal nasal mucosal infection with live attenuated influenza vaccination.Mucosal immunology · 2022Article
- Maternal vaccination as an additional approach to improve the protection of the nursling: Anti-infective properties of breast milk.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2022Review
- Safety and Efficacy of Spray Intranasal Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Vaccines · 2021Review
- Article
- Influenza in Children.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2021Review
- Milk From Women Diagnosed With COVID-19 Does Not Contain SARS-CoV-2 RNA but Has Persistent Levels of SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgA Antibodies.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- The Importance of Vaccinating Children and Pregnant Women against Influenza Virus Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLive attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) are both licensed for administration to nursing mothers. Little is known about the potential for transmission of LAIV viruses from the mother to the infant and the comparative breast milk antibody responses to LAIV and IIV.
methodsWe performed a randomized, double-blind study comparing the immunogenicity of LAIV to IIV when administered to nursing mothers. The safety of LAIV to IIV in women and their infants was also compared. Women received LAIV + intramuscular placebo, or IIV + intranasal placebo on Day 0. Breast milk and nasal swabs (from women and infants) were collected on Days 0, 2, and 8 for detection of LAIV. Breast milk and serum antibody responses were measured at Days 0 and 28. The primary hypothesis was that LAIV would provide superior induction of breast milk IgA responses to influenza as compared to IIV when administered to nursing mothers.
resultsBreast milk IgG, breast milk IgA (H1N1 only), serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI), and serum IgG responses were significantly higher following administration of IIV compared to LAIV. Receipt of either LAIV or IIV was safe in women and their infants. One (1%) LAIV recipient transmitted vaccine virus to her infant who remained well. No influenza virus was detected in breast milk.
conclusionsBreast milk and serum antibody responses were higher for IIV compared to LAIV. LAIV and IIV were safe for nursing women but there was one (1%) possible transmission of LAIV to an infant. This study suggests that IIV may be the preferred vaccine for nursing mothers.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.