ArticleDiabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders2018
Turkish Insulin Injection Technique Study: Population Characteristics of Turkish Patients with Diabetes Who Inject Insulin and Details of Their Injection Practices as Assessed by Survey Questionnaire.
Article in Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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10 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pen Needle Reuse in People with Diabetes Who Inject Insulin: A Narrative Review.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2026Review
- Predictors of limited knowledge in insulin injection techniques among non-specialty nurses in Japan.SAGE open medicine · 2025Article
- Knowledge and Practices of Insulin Injection and Medical Waste Disposal Among Patients with Diabetes in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia: a Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of general medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Insulin injection practice and health related quality of life among individuals with diabetes at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2023Article
- Effect of Insulin Injection Techniques on Glycemic Control Among Patients with Diabetes.International journal of general medicine · 2022Article
- Insulin injection practices among youngsters with diabetes in Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2020Article
- Insulin injection technique in the western region of Algeria, Tlemcen.The Pan African medical journal · 2020Article
- Factors Contributing to Sharp Waste Disposal at Health Care Facility Among Diabetic Patients in North-East Peninsular Malaysia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Turkish Insulin Injection Techniques Study: Complications of Injecting Insulin Among Turkish Patients with Diabetes, Education They Received, and the Role of Health Care Professional as Assessed by Survey Questionnaire.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionOver 7 million people in Turkey have diabetes. Of the 1 million who inject insulin little is known of their habits and injection techniques.
methodsWe conducted an Injection Technique Questionnaire (ITQ) survey throughout Turkey that involved 1376 patients from 56 centers. Turkish values were compared with those from 41 other countries participating in the ITQ, known here as Rest of World (ROW).
resultsThe majority (50.4%) of Turkish insulin users give four injections/ day as opposed to ROW, where only 30.9% do. The abdomen is the most common injection site used by Turkish patients, but they also inject insulin in multiple body sites more often than do patients in ROW. Body mass index values in Turkey were 0.75 units higher than those in ROW as was the mean total daily dose (average daily dose [ADD]) of insulin (54.0 IU in Turkey vs. 47.4 IU in ROW). Mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Turkey was 9.1%, which is higher than in ROW and possibly related to the higher BMI and ADD. Turkish patients use insulin analogs (short and long-acting) more frequently than do patients in ROW. The shortest pen needles (4 mm) are used by about one-third of patients in Turkey, but the longer ones (8 mm) are equally common. Needles are reused in Turkey at a rate of 3.4 injections/single needle. However, needle reuse, whether with pens or syringes, is lower in Turkey than ROW, as is the number of times a reused needle is used. More than 75% of used sharps in Turkey go into the rubbish, with nearly 6% having no protection of the tip.
conclusionThe continued use of 8-mm needles raises the risk of intramuscular injections in Turkish patients. Despite full reimbursement, needle reuse still remains an important issue. More focus needs to be given to dwell times under the skin, reconstitution of cloudy insulant, correct use of skin folds and safe disposal of sharps.
fundingBD Diabetes Care.
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