ArticleThe mental health clinician2016
Antimicrobial-induced cognitive side effects.
Article in The mental health clinician, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Drug-Induced Myoclonus: A Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Pooled it
- Associations of delirium with urinary tract infections and asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults aged 65 and older: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2021Pooled it
- Integrative Multi-Omics Analysis Suggests a Proteostasis-Translation-Neuroimmune Axis Underlying Moxifloxacin Associated Cognitive Impairment.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Awareness, attitudes, and self-reported clinical management of antimicrobial-associated neurocognitive adverse effects among healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Comment on "Drug-Induced Cognitive Impairment".Drug safety · 2025Article
- The Effect of Antibiotics on the Nervous System: Importance for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Geriatric-Specific Considerations in the Care of Older Adults with Pulmonary/Respiratory Diseases.Emergency medicine clinics of North America · 2025Review
- Review
- Guarding minds: a narrative review on how n-acetylcyteine and ketones could shield sensitive patients from antibiotic neurotoxicity.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Antibiotic-induced neuropsychiatric toxicity: epidemiology, mechanisms and management strategies - a narrative literature review.Drugs in context · 2024Review
- Integrated lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals clarithromycin-induced alteration of glycerophospholipid metabolism in the cerebral cortex of mice.Cell biology and toxicology · 2023Article
- Antibiotics and the Nervous System-Which Face of Antibiotic Therapy Is Real, Dr. Jekyll (Neurotoxicity) or Mr. Hyde (Neuroprotection)?Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Quality of life of HIV-negative, previously healthy individuals following cryptococcal meningoencephalitis.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Visual Snow-Like Symptoms and Posterior Uveitis following COVID-19 Infection.Case reports in ophthalmological medicine · 2021Article
- Pulmonary Embolism and Acute Psychosis, a Case Report of an Outpatient with a Mild Course of COVID-19.SN comprehensive clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Effect of heat-inactivatedBioscience of microbiota, food and health · 2020Article
- Neurological and Psychiatric Adverse Effects of Antimicrobials.CNS drugs · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionAntimicrobial-induced cognitive side effects are often overlooked or underreported. Literature often reports symptoms of antimicrobial-induced cognitive impairment under more general blanket terms, such as neuropsychiatric side effects, neurotoxicity, or drug-induced delirium or encephalopathy.
methodsA PubMed search using terms including antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, antimalarials, side effects, cognitive, neurotoxicity, encephalopathy, and delirium was conducted. Respectively, symptoms of cognitive impairment were teased out of the multiple neurologic complications presented for each case and reported based on antimicrobial class. Articles were excluded if they focused solely on neuropsychiatric side effects such as seizures, psychosis, hallucinations, or mood disturbances, were conducted in animals, or involved antiretroviral medication therapies.
resultsOf over 50 case reviews, case reports, retrospective chart reviews, and prospective cohort studies analyzed, 25 were deemed appropriate for purposes of this review. Common antimicrobial-induced cognitive side effects for all antimicrobial classes included confusion, delirium, encephalopathy, and impaired concentration or attention. Recurring risk factors included, but were not limited to, older age and renal impairment. Mechanisms of cognitive impairment were relatively specific to each antimicrobial class. DISCUSSION: Awareness of the potential for antimicrobial-induced cognitive side effects, including the general time frame of symptom onset and symptom presentation, is critical in challenging patient cases. This review article aims to summarize the risk factors, clinical symptoms, mechanisms, and management of antimicrobial-induced cognitive side effects. Pharmacists can play a key role in prevention through adjustment of medications for renal or hepatic dysfunction, avoidance of polypharmacy, and knowledge of critical drug interactions that may precipitate cognitive decline.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.