ReviewBiomolecules & therapeutics2018
Sex Differences in Cancer: Epidemiology, Genetics and Therapy.
Review in Biomolecules & therapeutics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 185 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
185 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 315 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex/gender differences in the association between behavioural factors and cancers: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with quantitative synthesis.Biology of sex differences · 2025Pooled it
- Endogenous Sex Steroid Hormones, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Nutritional Counseling During Chemotherapy Treatment: A Systematic Review of Feasibility, Safety, and Efficacy.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2024Pooled it
- Sex discrepancies in cancer research: a systematic review of prospective and retrospective investigations in lung, melanoma, and colorectal cancers.Frontiers in global women's health · 2024Pooled it
- Body mass index and cancer risk in patients with type 2 diabetes: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Sex Differences in Multiple Myeloma Biology but not Clinical Outcomes: Results from 3894 Patients in the Myeloma XI Trial.Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia · 2021Trial
- Pan-cancer analysis of Notch pathway-linked gene expression identifies tumour-specific and sex-stratified prognostic associations.Clinical and translational radiation oncology · 2026Article
- Fairness-aware supervised hierarchical contrastive semantic learning for sexual dimorphism analysis.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Patterns of sex differences in cancer mortality in Colombia: a population-based analysis, 1980-2023.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Frailty in older patients with cancer in Vietnam.BMC geriatrics · 2026Observational
- Female sex is associated with worse survival in laryngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.The oncologist · 2026Article
- Impact of adjuvant therapy on survival in esophageal cancer patients after neoadjuvant therapy investigated by a population based cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Concerns Regarding the Efficacy of Utilizing the Vibrational Response of Aminocyanine Molecules to Near Infrared Light for Cancer Cell Destruction.Journal of biomedical physics & engineering · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Challenges and Modern Therapeutic Strategies in Giant Cell Arteritis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Silent Threats: A Narrative Review of Urinary Bladder Cancer in Dogs and Cats-Epidemiology and Risk Factors.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Beyond XX and XY, Understanding Sex Differences in Leukemia.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Equity and representation in oncology clinical evidence for FDA-approved treatments and the impact of COVID-19.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Global Patterns and Trends in Lifetime Risks of Developing and Dying from Cancer, 1990-2021.Health data science · 2026Article
- Impact of marital disparities in treatment and outcome in elderly patients with T1N0M0 small cell lung cancer.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Androgen receptor signaling as a new target for intervention in acute myeloid leukemia.Blood advances · 2025Article
125 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of various cancers are associated with sex-specific disparities. Sex differences in cancer epidemiology are one of the most significant findings. Men are more prone to die from cancer, particularly hematological malignancies. Sex difference in cancer incidence is attributed to regulation at the genetic/molecular level and sex hormones such as estrogen. At the genetic/molecular level, gene polymorphism and altered enzymes involving drug metabolism generate differences in cancer incidence between men and women. Sex hormones modulate gene expression in various cancers. Genetic or hormonal differences between men and women determine the effect of chemotherapy. Until today, animal studies and clinical trials investigating chemotherapy showed sex imbalance. Chemotherapy has been used without consideration of sex differences, resulting in disparity of efficacy and toxicity between sexes. Based on accumulating evidence supporting sex differences in chemotherapy, all clinical trials in cancer must incorporate sex differences for a better understanding of biological differences between men and women. In the present review, we summarized the sex differences in (1) incidence and mortality of cancer, (2) genetic and molecular basis of cancer, (3) sex hormones in cancer incidence, and (4) efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy. This review provides useful information for sex-based chemotherapy and development of personalized therapeutic strategies against cancer.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.