ArticleJournal of the National Cancer Institute2019
The Role of Fibrinogen-Like Protein 2 on Immunosuppression and Malignant Progression in Glioma.
Article in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04113278 (Role of Fibirnogen Like Protein 2 as Aprognostic Factor in High Grade Glioma), which is not on this map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Role of Fibirnogen Like Protein 2 as Aprognostic Factor in High Grade Glioma
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bidirectional mendelian randomization identifies plasma proteins associated with cervical cancer risk.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Article
- Tumor-Derived Exosomes Deliver Membrane-Bound Fgl2 to Activate FcγRIIB-Mediated Immunosuppression in Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Gene-Modulated Network Diffusion for Improved Modeling of Amyloid-bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Fgl2-knockout tumor cells serve as a vaccine inducing long-duration brain-resident memory T cells that reject subsequent intracranial tumor cell challenges.Cancer letters · 2026Article
- Preliminary exploration of the role of fibrinogen-like protein 2 in neuroblastoma.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Fibrinogen superfamily proteins: Key regulators in hepatic disorders.World journal of experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Macrophage-derived Fgl2 dampens antitumor immunity through regulation of FcγRIIB+CD8+ T cells in melanoma.JCI insight · 2025Article
- FGL2Oncoimmunology · 2024Article
- CD8Nature communications · 2024Article
- FGL2 promotes tumour growth and attenuates infiltration of activated immune cells in melanoma and ovarian cancer models.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Exploring the role of neutrophil extracellular traps in neuroblastoma: identification of molecular subtypes and prognostic implications.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
- FGL2 as a predictive biomarker for prognosis and immunotherapy in bladder cancer.International journal of medical sciences · 2024Article
- Characterization and clinical implications of different malignant transformation patterns in diffuse low-grade gliomas.Cancer science · 2023Article
- The construction and validation of ECM-related prognosis model in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.Heliyon · 2023Article
- CircGNB1 facilitates the malignant phenotype of GSCs by regulating miR-515-5p/miR-582-3p-XPR1 axis.Cancer cell international · 2023Article
- FGL2-targeting T cells exhibit antitumor effects on glioblastoma and recruit tumor-specific brain-resident memory T cells.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Fibrinogen-like protein 2: Its biological function across cell types and the potential to serve as an immunotherapy target for brain tumors.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2023Review
- Top-down stepwise refinement identifies coding and noncoding RNA-associated epigenetic regulatory maps in malignant glioma.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2022Article
- MS4A6A is a new prognostic biomarker produced by macrophages in glioma patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Targeting FGL2 in glioma immunosuppression and malignant progression.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVirtually all low-grade gliomas (LGGs) will progress to high-grade gliomas (HGGs), including glioblastoma, the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. A key regulator of immunosuppression, fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), may play an important role in the malignant transformation of LGG to HGG. We sought to determine the mechanism of FGL2 on tumor progression and to show that inhibiting FGL2 expression had a therapeutic effect.
methodsWe analyzed human gliomas that had progressed from low- to high-grade for FGL2 expression. We modeled FGL2 overexpression in an immunocompetent genetically engineered mouse model to determine its effect on tumor progression. Tumors and their associated microenvironments were analyzed for their immune cell infiltration. Mice were treated with an FGL2 antibody to determine a therapeutic effect. Statistical tests were two-sided.
resultsWe identified increased expression of FGL2 in surgically resected tumors that progressed from low to high grade (n = 10). The Cancer Genome Atlas data showed that LGG cases with overexpression of FGL2 (n = 195) had statistically significantly shorter survival (median = 62.9 months) compared with cases with low expression (n = 325, median = 94.4 months, P < .001). In a murine glioma model, HGGs induced with FGL2 exhibited a mesenchymal phenotype and increased CD4+ forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ Treg cells, implicating immunosuppression as a mechanism for tumor progression. Macrophages in these tumors were skewed toward the immunosuppressive M2 phenotype. Depletion of Treg cells with anti-FGL2 statistically significantly prolonged survival in mice compared with controls (n = 11 per group, median survival = 90 days vs 62 days, P = .004), shifted the phenotype from mesenchymal HGG to proneural LGG, and decreased M2 macrophage skewing.
conclusionsFGL2 facilitates glioma progression from low to high grade. Suppressing FGL2 expression holds therapeutic promise for halting malignant transformation in glioma.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.