ArticleDigital health
Validity of wrist-worn consumer products to measure heart rate and energy expenditure.
Article in Digital health. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Recommendations for Determining the Validity of Consumer Wearables and Smartphones for the Estimation of Energy Expenditure: Expert Statement and Checklist of the INTERLIVE Network.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Pooled it
- Accuracy and Precision of Energy Expenditure, Heart Rate, and Steps Measured by Combined-Sensing Fitbits Against Reference Measures: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2022Pooled it
- Reliability and Validity of Commercially Available Wearable Devices for Measuring Steps, Energy Expenditure, and Heart Rate: Systematic Review.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The Effects of a Technology-Assisted Hybrid Cardiac Rehabilitation (TecHCR) Program for Adults With Coronary Heart Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Worldviews on evidence-based nursing · 2025Trial
- Accuracy of consumer-level and research-grade activity trackers in ambulatory settings in older adults.PloS one · 2019Trial
- The Representation of Different Populations in Studies Assessing the Validity of Consumer Wearable Photoplethysmography-Based Measurements: Scoping Review.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Article
- Validation of heart rate measured by the consumer-level wearable device Fitbit: a cross-sectional observational study.Journal of physical therapy science · 2025Article
- Recent Advances in Vehicle Driver Health Monitoring Systems.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Validity and Inter-Device Reliability of the OTBeat BurnSports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A guide to consumer-grade wearables in cardiovascular clinical care and population health for non-experts.NPJ cardiovascular health · 2025Review
- Innovating physical education with artificial intelligence: a potential approach.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Laboratory comparison of consumer-grade and research-established wearables for monitoring heart rate, body temperature, and physical acitivity in sub-Saharan Africa.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Evaluation of Wrist-Worn Photoplethysmography Trackers with an Electrocardiogram in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease: A Validation Study.Cardiovascular engineering and technology · 2024Article
- Heart rate processing algorithms and exercise duration on reliability and validity decisions in biceps-worn Polar Verity Sense and OH1 wearables.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Wearable activity trackers-advanced technology or advanced marketing?European journal of applied physiology · 2022Review
- Accuracy and Validity of Commercial Smart Bands for Heart Rate Measurements During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test.Annals of rehabilitation medicine · 2022Article
- Estimation of Heart Rate and Energy Expenditure Using a Smart Bracelet during Different Exercise Intensities: A Reliability and Validity Study.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Continuous Monitoring of Vital Signs With Wearable Sensors During Daily Life Activities: Validation Study.JMIR formative research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe ability to monitor physical activity throughout the day and during various activities continues to improve with the development of wrist-worn monitors. However, the accuracy of wrist-worn monitors to measure both heart rate and energy expenditure during physical activity is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of several popular wrist-worn monitors at measuring heart rate and energy expenditure.
methodsParticipants wore the TomTom Cardio, Microsoft Band and Fitbit Surge on randomly assigned locations on each wrist. The maximum number of monitors per wrist was two. The criteria used for heart rate and energy expenditure were a three-lead electrocardiogram and indirect calorimetry using a metabolic cart. Participants exercised on a treadmill at 3.2, 4.8, 6.4, 8 and 9.7 km/h for 3 minutes at each speed, with no rest between speeds. Heart rate and energy expenditure were manually recorded every minute throughout the protocol.
resultsMean absolute percentage error for heart rate varied from 2.17 to 8.06% for the Fitbit Surge, from 1.01 to 7.49% for the TomTom Cardio and from 1.31 to 7.37% for the Microsoft Band. The mean absolute percentage error for energy expenditure varied from 25.4 to 61.8% for the Fitbit Surge, from 0.4 to 26.6% for the TomTom Cardio and from 1.8 to 9.4% for the Microsoft Band.
conclusionData from these devices may be useful in obtaining an estimate of heart rate for everyday activities and general exercise, but energy expenditure from these devices may be significantly over- or underestimated.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.