ReviewActa pharmacologica Sinica2019
GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 as novel molecular targets: their biological functions and interaction with cannabidiol.
Review in Acta pharmacologica Sinica, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 167 citations in OpenAlex.
- GPR3 in neuro-metabolic-immune-reproductive nexus - a potential therapeutic target for Multi-System diseases.Annals of medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Does a broad-spectrum cannabidiol supplement improve performance in a 10-min cycle ergometer performance-test?European journal of sport science · 2024Trial
- Effects of Cannabidiol Chewing Gum on Perceived Pain and Well-Being of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients: A Placebo-Controlled Crossover Exploratory Intervention Study with Symptom-Driven Dosing.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2022Trial
- Dual antitumor and neuroprotective activities of lipid ether amide hybrids in glioma cells and metabolically damaged neurons.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Discovery of Small Molecule Ligands Targeting Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Cannabidiol and other non-psychotropic cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa as therapeutics for microglial-mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Review
- CVN-424: An Advanced GPR6 Inverse Agonist in Phase III Clinical Trials for Parkinson's Disease.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Assessment of Druggable Targets in Cortical Neurons Reveals Biological Limits of Cell Type-Specific Neuropharmacology.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Efficacy and safety of cannabidiol (CBD) on reducing pain and functional impairment associated with exercise-induced muscle injury: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility trial.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Article
- Cannabidiol-Ion Channel Interactions Represent a Promising Preventive and Therapeutic Strategy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2026Review
- Identification of a thermogenic target in the dorsal raphe nucleus for weight management in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Cannabidiol suppresses emergency MDSCs generation by disturbing EEF1B2-mediated C/EBPJournal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- The cAMP signaling pathway mediates photoperiod-induced follicle development in striped hamsters (Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Innovative Strategies to Enhance the Bioavailability of Cannabidiol: Nanotechnology and Advanced Delivery Systems.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Mechanism and function of GPR3 regulated by a negative allosteric modulator.Nature communications · 2025Article
- A multi-level gene-diet interaction analysis of fish oil and 14 polyunsaturated fatty acid traits identifies the FADS and GPR12 loci.HGG advances · 2025Article
- GPCR drug discovery: new agents, targets and indications.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2025Review
- Beyond the hype: a comprehensive exploration of CBD's biological impacts and mechanisms of action.Journal of cannabis research · 2025Review
- Functional dynamics of G protein-coupled receptors reveal new routes for drug discovery.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2025Review
- Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors 3, 6, and 12 (GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12) comprise a family of closely related orphan receptors with no confirmed endogenous ligands. These receptors are constitutively active and capable of signaling through G protein-mediated and non-G protein-mediated mechanisms. These orphan receptors have previously been reported to play important roles in many normal physiological functions and to be involved in a variety of pathological conditions. Although they are orphans, GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 are phylogenetically most closely related to the cannabinoid receptors. Using β-arrestin2 recruitment and cAMP accumulation assays, we recently found that the nonpsychoactive phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) is an inverse agonist for GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12. This discovery highlights these orphan receptors as potential new molecular targets for CBD, provides novel mechanisms of action, and suggests new therapeutic uses of CBD for illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and infertility. Furthermore, identification of CBD as a new inverse agonist for GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 provides the initial chemical scaffolds upon which potent and efficacious agents acting on these receptors can be developed, with the goal of developing chemical tools for studying these orphan receptors and ultimately new therapeutic agents.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.