ArticleBMC public health2018
Development of two socioeconomic indices for Saudi Arabia.
Article in BMC public health, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development of the Thailand district-level Socioeconomic Deprivation Index: a census-based methodological study.Health research policy and systems · 2026Article
- Construct validation of HER-WELL: a bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling evaluation of an eight-domain wellness scale for women.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Evaluating content validity for a culturally relevant wellness scale for women: the HER-WELL scale.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of Lung Cancer in Saudi Arabia, Saudi Cancer Registry, 2015-2020.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2025Article
- Pattern of Virtual Consultations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Epidemiological Nationwide Study.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2024Article
- Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Saudi Arabia and Its Association with Socioeconomic Status and Depression.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Acceptance of electronic referrals across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: results from a national e-health database.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- The pattern of emergency department length of stay in Saudi Arabia: an epidemiological Nationwide analyses of secondary surveillance data.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- A Systematic Review of Chronic Diseases and Their Prevalence Among the Population of Northern Borders Province (NBP) in Saudi Arabia.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2023Review
- Beliefs and Utilization of Cervical Cancer Screening by Female Health Care Workers in Saudi Arabia Using the Health Belief Model: A Nationwide Study.International journal of women's health · 2023Article
- Continuity of care in primary healthcare settings among patients with chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia.SAGE open medicine · 2023Article
- The burden of testicular cancer from 1990 to 2019 in the Middle East and North Africa region.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Population health data in KSA: Status, challenges, and opportunities.Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · 2022Article
- Article
- Households' Direct Economic Burden Associated with Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in Saudi Arabia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in the utilization of dental services among adults in Saudi Arabia.BMC oral health · 2022Article
- E- Learning experience of the medical profession's college students during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia.BMC medical education · 2021Article
- Association of Demographic Variables with the Awareness of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients (T2DM) among the Northwest Population in Saudi Arabia.Journal of diabetes research · 2020Article
- Understanding and addressing waste of food in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Saudi journal of biological sciences · 2019Review
- The status of Saudi measures of deprivation: A review with policy recommendations on a missing indicator in Saudi epidemiologic research.Journal of family & community medicineReview
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3 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHealth and socioeconomic status (SES) are linked in studies worldwide. Measures of SES exist for many countries, however not for Saudi Arabia (SA). We describe two indices of area-based SES for SA.
methodsRoutine census data has been used to construct two indices of SES at the geographically-delimited administrative region of Governorates in SA (n = 118). The data used included indicators of educational status, employment status, car and material ownership. A continuous measure of SES was constructed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a categorical measure of SES using latent class analysis (LCA). Both indices were mapped by Governorates.
resultsThe EFA identified three factors: The first explained 51.58% of the common variance within the interrelated factors, the second 15.14%, and the third 14.26%. These proportions were used in the formulation of the standard index. The scores were fixed to range from 100 for the affluent Governorate and 0 for the deprived. The LCA found a 4 class model as the best model fit. Class 1 was termed "affluent" and included 11.01% of Governorates, class 2 "upper middle class" (44.91%), class 3 "lower middle class" (33.05%) and class 4 "deprived" (11.01%). The populated urbanised Governorates were found to be the most affluent whereas the smaller rural Governorates were the most deprived.
conclusionThis is the first description of measures of SES in SA at a geographical level. Two measures have been successfully constructed and mapped. The maps show similar patterns suggesting validity. Both indices support the common perception of SES in SA.
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