Observational studyBMC psychiatry2018
The economic consequences of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Scottish prison system.
Observational study in BMC psychiatry, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global Economic Burden of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review.PharmacoEconomics · 2021Pooled it
- Supporting Medication Adherence and Patient-Centered Care for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Taiwan: A Pharmacist-Oriented Perspective Informed by Targeted Evidence.Patient preference and adherence · 2026Article
- Cost-consequence analysis of a criterion-based screening and triage pathway compared with full ADHD assessment for adults referred to NHS secondary care.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Article
- The need for speed? Exploring the risks and benefits of pharmacological treatment for adult ADHD in prisons.Psychiatry, psychology, and law : an interdisciplinary journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law · 2024Article
- Screening for ADHD Symptoms among Criminal Offenders: Exploring the Association with Clinical Features.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- ADHD and offending.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2021Review
- Neurodiversity at work: a biopsychosocial model and the impact on working adults.British medical bulletin · 2020Review
- Article
- Article
- Transitional care for young adults with ADHD: transforming potential upheaval into smooth progression.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2020Article
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the Prison System.Current psychiatry reports · 2019Review
- Identification and treatment of offenders with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the prison population: a practical approach based upon expert consensus.BMC psychiatry · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly prevalent amongst prison inmates and the criminal justice system (CJS) likely bears considerable costs for offenders with ADHD. We aimed to examine the relationship between ADHD and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and quality-adjusted life years (QALY) amongst imprisoned adults; and to estimate the annual expenditure associated with ADHD status in prison.
methodsAn observational study was performed in 2011-2013, at Porterfield Prison, Inverness, United Kingdom (UK). The all male sample included 390 adult prison inmates with capacity to consent and no history of moderate or severe intellectual disability. Participants were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults 2.0. The Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3) was used to measure health status, and to calculate attribute specific HRQoL scores and QALY. Health service utilisation was obtained through inspection of medical prison records. Inmates with ADHD were compared with inmates without ADHD.
resultsInmates with ADHD had significantly lower QALYs, with a clinically significant adjusted difference of 0.13. Psychiatric co-morbidity accounted for the variation of ADHD on the HUI3 emotion domain only. Medical costs for inmates with ADHD were significantly higher; and behaviour-related prison costs were similar to prisoners without ADHD, reflecting a low frequency of recorded critical incidents.
conclusionsADHD may directly contribute to adverse health and quality of life through cognitive and executive function deficits, and co-morbid disorders. The extrapolation of conservative cost estimates suggests that the financial burden of medical and behavior-related prison care for inmates with ADHD in the UK is approximately £11.7 million annually. The reported cost estimates are conservative as there is great variability in recorded critical incidents in prisons. In turn, for some prison establishments the prison care costs associated with prisoners with ADHD may be considerably greater.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.