Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29937585›Full record

ArticleQuality & quantity2018

Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization.

Benjamin Saunders, Julius Sim, Tom Kingstone, Shula Baker, Jackie Waterfield, Bernadette Bartlam, Heather Burroughs, Clare Jinks

8 registry-linked trialsAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Quality & quantity, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 8 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 4,474 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4,474citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04515810 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Planning Advance Care Together (PACT) to Improve Engagement in Advance Care Planning

TypeinterventionalSponsorFred Hutchinson Cancer CenterRan2025 to 2027Enrolled400ConditionsLocally Advanced Malignant Solid Neoplasm, Metastatic Malignant Solid Neoplasm, Recurrent Hematologic Malignancy, Refractory Hematologic MalignancyArmsInternet-Based Intervention, Best Practice, Telephone-Based Intervention, Questionnaire Administration, Post-intervention qualitative feedback interview
NCT05053607 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Clinical and Patient Reported Outcomes for Individuals with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Treated with Isatuximab: Real-World Insights from Patient Reported, Wearable, and Qualitative Data in the Context of Digital Health Coaching

TypeinterventionalSponsorPack HealthRan2022 to 2025Enrolled50ConditionsMultiple Myeloma, Refractory Multiple MyelomaArmsDigital Health Coaching Program, Fitbit
NCT05416879 recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Lifestyle Behaviours of Women Newly Diagnosed With Heart Failure: A Quantitative and Qualitative Approach

TypeobservationalSponsorNewcastle UniversityRan2022 to 2026Enrolled40ConditionsHeart FailureArmsActigraph GT3X+BT
NCT05437939 active not recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Identifying Opportunities for Prevention of Adverse Outcomes Following Female Genital

TypeobservationalSponsorUniversity of California, San FranciscoRan2022 to 2026Enrolled802ConditionsFemale Genital Fistula, Incontinence
NCT06005337 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Supporting Parents to Choose Wisely: A Multi-Method Study to Increase Knowledge and Manage Expectations for Common Acute Childhood Conditions

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of AlbertaRan2023 to 2024Enrolled174ConditionsCommon Cold, Pharyngitis, Acute Otitis Media, Acute AsthmaArmsBlogshots 1-3, Blogshots 4-6
NCT06317831 recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2024, after this paper: background citation

LetS Get fUnctional! FuNctional Status in pEople With intersTitial Lung Disease - the SUNSET Study

Typeobservational_patient_registrySponsorAveiro UniversityRan2024 to 2028Enrolled150ConditionsInterstitial Lung Diseases
NCT06506669 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2024, after this paper: background citation

Comparing Two Normal Approaches to Procedural Sedation for Cataract Surgery: A Prospective, Feasibility Pilot Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of California, San FranciscoRan2024 to 2025Enrolled23ConditionsCataract, Bilateral Senile Cataract, Anesthesia, Patient SatisfactionArmsOral sedation, Placebo
NCT07769138 not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Implementation of Networked Continuous Glucose Monitoring With Telemetry Within the Intensive Care Unit (ICU-TeleCGM)

TypeobservationalSponsorImperial College Healthcare NHS TrustRan2026 to 2028Enrolled70ConditionsType 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Insulin, Hyperglycemia, Intensive Care (ICU)ArmsDexcom G7, ViewsEMR telemetry
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4,474 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
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  6. Caregiving experiences of older spouses with frailty: an exploratory qualitative study.International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being · 2026
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4,414 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Benjamin Saunders1Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK.
Julius Sim1Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK.ORCID 0000-0002-1816-1676
Tom Kingstone1Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK.
Shula Baker1Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK.
Jackie Waterfield2School of Health Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, EH21 6UU UK.
Bernadette Bartlam1Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK.
Heather Burroughs1Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK.
Clare Jinks1Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Saturation has attained widespread acceptance as a methodological principle in qualitative research. It is commonly taken to indicate that, on the basis of the data that have been collected or analysed hitherto, further data collection and/or analysis are unnecessary. However, there appears to be uncertainty as to how saturation should be conceptualized, and inconsistencies in its use. In this paper, we look to clarify the nature, purposes and uses of saturation, and in doing so add to theoretical debate on the role of saturation across different methodologies. We identify four distinct approaches to saturation, which differ in terms of the extent to which an inductive or a deductive logic is adopted, and the relative emphasis on data collection, data analysis, and theorizing. We explore the purposes saturation might serve in relation to these different approaches, and the implications for how and when saturation will be sought. In examining these issues, we highlight the uncertain logic underlying saturation-as essentially a predictive statement about the unobserved based on the observed, a judgement that, we argue, results in equivocation, and may in part explain the confusion surrounding its use. We conclude that saturation should be operationalized in a way that is consistent with the research question(s), and the theoretical position and analytic framework adopted, but also that there should be some limit to its scope, so as not to risk saturation losing its coherence and potency if its conceptualization and uses are stretched too widely.

Indexed as

Data analysisData collectionGrounded theoryQualitative researchSaturation

Identifiers

PMID29937585
PMCPMC5993836

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

and 2 more above

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.