ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2018
Potential Inherent Stimulation of the Innate Immune System by Nucleic Acid Aptamers and Possible Corrective Approaches.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Delivering the future of immunotherapy: A state-of-the-art review of gene editing in immune cells with lipid nanoparticles.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Antisense oligonucleotides targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid gene decrease viral titers in hamsters.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Article
- Recent Advancements of Aptamers in Cancer Therapy.ACS omega · 2023Review
- Exploring the Potential of Aptamers in Targeting Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Opportunities and Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- In vitro selection of aptamers and their applications.Nature reviews. Methods primers · 2023Article
- Aptamer‑based therapy for targeting key mediators of cancer metastasis (Review).International journal of oncology · 2022Review
- Applications in Which Aptamers Are Needed or Wanted in Diagnostics and Therapeutics.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Nucleic Acids as Biotools at the Interface between Chemistry and Nanomedicine in the COVID-19 Era.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Tagging and Capturing of Lentiviral Vectors Using Short RNAs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Aptamers: Cutting edge of cancer therapies.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2021Review
- G-Quadruplex Structures in Bacteria: Biological Relevance and Potential as an Antimicrobial Target.Journal of bacteriology · 2021Review
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Targeting HER2 Breast Cancer: A Novel Approach.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Circular and linear: a tale of aptamer selection for the activation of SIRT1 to induce death in cancer cells.RSC advances · 2020Article
- Therapeutic Interventions into Innate Immune Diseases by Means of Aptamers.Pharmaceutics · 2020Review
- Aptamers Chemistry: Chemical Modifications and Conjugation Strategies.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- DNA Aptamers Targeting BACE1 Reduce Amyloid Levels and Rescue Neuronal Deficiency in Cultured Cells.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2019Article
- Aptamers as Therapeutic Agents: Has the Initial Euphoria Subsided?Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2019Review
- Aptamer-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
It is well known that unmethylated 2′-deoxycytidine-phosphate-2′-guanine (CpG) sequences alone or in longer DNA and RNA oligonucleotides can act like pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger the innate immune response leading to deleterious cytokine production via Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Clearly, such CpG or CpG-containing sequences in aptamers intended for therapy could present very damaging side effects to patients. Previous antisense oligonucleotide developers were faced with the same basic CpG dilemma and devised not only avoidance, but other effective strategies from which current aptamer developers can learn to ameliorate or eliminate damaging CpG effects. These strategies include obvious methylation of cytosines in the aptamer structure, as long as it does not affect aptamer binding in vivo, truncation of the aptamer to its essential binding site, backbone modifications, co-administration of antagonistic or suppressive oligonucleotides, or other novel drugs under development to lessen the toxic CpG effect on innate immunity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.