ArticleDiabetologia2018
Pandemic influenza and subsequent risk of type 1 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study.
Article in Diabetologia, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents with New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes.Pediatric diabetes · 2023Pooled it
- Risk of incident diabetes post-COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Primary care diabetes · 2022Pooled it
- Non-canonical clonal expansion of autoreactive CD8Cell insight · 2026Article
- Incidence of diabetes mellitus following hospitalisation with influenza: a population-based cohort study in England.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Respiratory infections in pregnancy and early life-association with the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Impact of Oseltamivir and Diabetes Development.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The intersection of influenza infection and autoimmunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Environmental triggers of pediatric type 1 diabetes: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of COVID-19 infection and vaccination.Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism · 2025Article
- Seasonal Variation in Type 1 Diabetes Incidence in Poland: Exploring the Impact of Viral Infections, Including COVID-19.Pediatric diabetes · 2025Article
- Trained immunity: novel perspectives in diabetes and associated complications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and type 1 diabetes mellitus.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2024Review
- Article
- Incidence of Diabetes Among Youth Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Pleiotropic Effects of Influenza Vaccination.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Does COVID-19 Infection Increase the Risk of Diabetes? Current Evidence.Current diabetes reports · 2023Review
- Bidirectional Relationship between Glycemic Control and COVID-19 and Perspectives of Islet Organoid Models of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Respiratory infections and type 1 diabetes: Potential roles in pathogenesis.Reviews in medical virology · 2023Review
- Interactomics: Dozens of Viruses, Co-evolving With Humans, Including the Influenza A Virus, may Actively Distort Human Aging.Molecular biology and evolution · 2023Article
- Sex-Specific Immune Responses to Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Diabetic Individuals: Implications for Vaccine Efficacy.Journal of immunology research · 2023Article
- Type 1 diabetes incidence in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany.Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aims/hypothesisCase reports have linked influenza infections to the development of type 1 diabetes. We investigated whether pandemic and seasonal influenza infections were associated with subsequent increased risk of type 1 diabetes.
methodsIn this population-based registry study, we linked individual-level data from national health registries for the entire Norwegian population under the age of 30 years for the years 2006-2014 (2.5 million individuals). Data were obtained from the National Registry (population data), the Norwegian Patient Registry (data on inpatient and outpatient specialist care), the Primary Care Database, the Norwegian Prescription Database and the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases. Pandemic influenza was defined as either a clinical influenza diagnosis during the main pandemic period or a laboratory-confirmed test. Seasonal influenza was defined by a clinical diagnosis of influenza between 2006 and 2014. We used Cox regression to estimate HRs for new-onset type 1 diabetes after an influenza infection, adjusted for year of birth, sex, place of birth and education.
resultsThe adjusted HR for type 1 diabetes after pandemic influenza infection was 1.19 (95% CI 0.97, 1.46). In the subgroup with laboratory-confirmed influenza A (H1N1), influenza was associated with a twofold higher risk of subsequent type 1 diabetes before age 30 years (adjusted HR: 2.26, 95% CI 1.51, 3.38). CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationOverall, we could not demonstrate a clear association between clinically reported pandemic influenza infection and incident type 1 diabetes. However, we found a twofold excess of incident diabetes in the subgroup with laboratory-confirmed pandemic influenza A (H1N1).
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