ArticleScientific reports2018
Habitual hot water bathing protects cardiovascular function in middle-aged to elderly Japanese subjects.
Article in Scientific reports, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of hot-water immersion on cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory health of healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Physiological reports · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of Bathtub Bathing and Sauna Practices on Cardiovascular and Systemic Health: A Narrative Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Review
- Acute Heat Exposure-Related Illness: A Unified Emergency Medicine Framework for Hot Baths, Hot Springs, and Saunas-A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Heat Therapy: Targeting Health, Disease, and Disability.Comprehensive Physiology · 2026Review
- A pilot study on the relationship between thermal habits, chronic inflammation, and arterial stiffness in young adults.BMC research notes · 2025Article
- Intraindividual correlations between nocturnal urination frequency and sleep blood pressure: the Nagahama Study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Article
- Effect of home-based hot bathing on exercise-induced adaptations associated with short-term resistance exercise training in young men.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Temperature and carotid intima-medial thickness: The coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- Effect of heat stress on vascular outcomes in humans.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2019Review
- Aging and Thermoregulatory Control: The Clinical Implications of Exercising under Heat Stress in Older Individuals.BioMed research international · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Favorable effects of sauna bathing on cardiovascular disease have been demonstrated. Hot water bathing is an alternative, and could also have similar effects. Information pertaining to hot water bathing frequency and water temperature was obtained from 873 subjects. Carotid mean and max intima-media thickness (IMT) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) were measured as indices of atherosclerosis. Central haemodynamics were evaluated using radial pulse waveform analyses. Plasma levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured as an index for cardiac loading. The mean duration of a single hot bath was 12.4 ± 9.9 min. Subject bathing in hot water ≥5 times per week had significantly lower baPWV, central pulse pressure (PP), and BNP after correcting for possible confounding parameters. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that hot water temperature was negatively associated with baPWV, while bathing frequency was negatively related to central PP and BNP. A longitudinal follow-up in 164 subjects showed that hot water bathing ≥5 times per week was associated with significantly lower increase in BNP over time, while the temperature of the water tended to be related to lower increases in carotid max IMT and baPWV. Hot water bathing showed a favorable effect on atherosclerotic and central haemodynamic parameters.
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Registered trials
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