Trial reportNature communications2018
Brain-actuated functional electrical stimulation elicits lasting arm motor recovery after stroke.
Trial report in Nature communications, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 268 papers, 16 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The PROMOTOER: a BCI -Based Intervention That Promotes Upper Limb Functional Motor Recovery. A Randomized Clinical Trial to Test Long-term Efficacy and to Identify Determinants of Response to Intervention in Subacute Stroke Patients
Study of Functional Electrical Stimulation With Assistive Support Driven by a Brain-Computer Interface on the Upper Limb Rehabilitation of Chronic Stroke Patients
Brain-controlled Spinal Cord Stimulation in Participants With Chronic Stroke for Lower and Upper Limb Rehabilitation
Who cites it
268 citing papers in PubMed, 16 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Comparative Effectiveness of Noninvasive Brain-Computer Interface-Based Interventions for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Poststroke Hemiplegia: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- The effect of brain-computer interface training on cognitive function in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy of Brain-Computer Interface Therapy for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Chronic Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Brain-computer interface for post-stroke upper-limb recovery: a systematic review integrating clinical efficacy with neuroplasticity evidence.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Evolution of brain-computer interface technologies for stroke rehabilitation: a bibliometric integration of neural decoding and functional recovery (2016-2025).Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of brain-computer interface based training on post-stroke upper-limb rehabilitation: a meta-analysis.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of brain-computer interface with functional electrical stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and conventional therapy on upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of brain-computer interface for stroke rehabilitation: an overview of systematic review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of wearable device training on upper limb motor function in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Pooled it
- Brain Neuroplasticity Leveraging Virtual Reality and Brain-Computer Interface Technologies.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Pooled it
- The effect of brain-computer interface controlled functional electrical stimulation training on rehabilitation of upper limb after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2024Pooled it
- Research trends and hotspots of post-stroke upper limb dysfunction: a bibliometric and visualization analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of different modalities of artificial intelligence rehabilitation techniques on patients with upper limb dysfunction after stroke-A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- The Application of Brain-Computer Interface in Upper Limb Dysfunction After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Brain-machine interface-based training for improving upper extremity function after stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy of Brain-Computer Interface and the Impact of Its Design Characteristics on Poststroke Upper-limb Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Clinical EEG and neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- EEG vs. Hybrid EEG-fNIRS BCI for FES Control in Healthy Subjects: A Blind Randomized Study and an Open Dataset.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Trial
- Multimodal assessment of a BCI system for stroke rehabilitation integrating motor imagery and motor attempts: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Trial
- Effects and neural mechanisms of a brain-computer interface-controlled soft robotic glove on upper limb function in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled fNIRS study.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Trial
- Multisensory BCI promotes motor recovery via high-order network-mediated interhemispheric integration in chronic stroke.BMC medicine · 2025Trial
208 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) are used in stroke rehabilitation to translate brain signals into intended movements of the paralyzed limb. However, the efficacy and mechanisms of BCI-based therapies remain unclear. Here we show that BCI coupled to functional electrical stimulation (FES) elicits significant, clinically relevant, and lasting motor recovery in chronic stroke survivors more effectively than sham FES. Such recovery is associated to quantitative signatures of functional neuroplasticity. BCI patients exhibit a significant functional recovery after the intervention, which remains 6-12 months after the end of therapy. Electroencephalography analysis pinpoints significant differences in favor of the BCI group, mainly consisting in an increase in functional connectivity between motor areas in the affected hemisphere. This increase is significantly correlated with functional improvement. Results illustrate how a BCI-FES therapy can drive significant functional recovery and purposeful plasticity thanks to contingent activation of body natural efferent and afferent pathways.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.