ArticleMicrobiome2018
Metabolomic signatures distinguish the impact of formula carbohydrates on disease outcome in a preterm piglet model of NEC.
Article in Microbiome, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anti-inflammatory effects of Bifidobacterium infantis M-63 during the early postnatal period in term infants.Pediatric research · 2026Trial
- Taurolithocholic acid alleviates hepatic glycolipid dysregulation in low-birth-weight piglets by activating HNF4α and FXR.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2026Article
- From homeostasis to dysregulation: human milk, microbial metabolites, and the preterm intestinal microenvironment in necrotizing enterocolitis.Translational pediatrics · 2026Review
- A manually curated pig gut microbiome dataset for precision feeding.Scientific data · 2026Article
- Investigate the effects of donor breast milk and formula milk on metabolites in preterm infants through non-targeted metabolomics.BMC nutrition · 2026Article
- Enteral and intravenous supplementation of arginine and citrulline fail to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonatal pigs.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2026Article
- Preterm infant formulas with glucose polymers and reduced lactose content increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- The role of fecal short-chain fatty acids in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Term infant formula macronutrient composition: An update for clinicians.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2025Review
- Alternatives to antibiotics in pig production: looking through the lens of immunophysiology.Stress biology · 2024Review
- Probiotics and Human Milk Differentially Influence the Gut Microbiome and NEC Incidence in Preterm Pigs.Nutrients · 2023Article
- β-glucan protects against necrotizing enterocolitis in mice by inhibiting intestinal inflammation, improving the gut barrier, and modulating gut microbiota.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Increased Circulating Cortisol After Vaginal Birth Is Associated With Increased FGF19 Secretion in Neonatal Pigs.Endocrinology · 2022Article
- Feeding mode influences dynamic gut microbiota signatures and affects susceptibility to anti-CD3 mAb-induced intestinal injury in neonatal mice.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2022Article
- Necrotizing enterocolitis: Bench to bedside approaches and advancing our understanding of disease pathogenesis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Review
- Tissue-specific mechanisms of bile acid homeostasis and activation of FXR-FGF19 signaling in preterm and term neonatal pigs.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2022Article
- Article
- Characteristics of oral microbiota in plateau and plain youth-positive correlations between blood lipid level, metabolism and specific microflora in the plateau group.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids may be new biomarkers for predicting neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: A pilot study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Dietary riboflavin deficiency induces ariboflavinosis and esophageal epithelial atrophy in association with modification of gut microbiota in rats.European journal of nutrition · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMajor risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) include premature birth and formula feeding in the context of microbial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. We previously showed that feeding formula composed of lactose vs. corn syrup solids protects against NEC in preterm pigs; however, the microbial and metabolic effects of these different carbohydrates used in infant formula has not been explored.
objectiveOur objective was to characterize the effects of lactose- and corn syrup solid-based formulas on the metabolic and microbial profiles of preterm piglets and to determine whether unique metabolomic or microbiome signatures correlate with severity or incidence of NEC. DESIGN/
methodsPreterm piglets (103 days gestation) were given total parenteral nutrition (2 days) followed by gradual (5 days) advancement of enteral feeding of formulas matched in nutrient content but containing either lactose (LAC), corn syrup solids (CSS), or 1:1 mix (MIX). Gut contents and mucosal samples were collected and analyzed for microbial profiles by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Metabolomic profiles of cecal contents and plasma were analyzed by LC/GC mass spectrometry.
resultsNEC incidence was 14, 50, and 44% in the LAC, MIX, and CSS groups, respectively. The dominant classes of bacteria were Bacilli, Clostridia, and Gammaproteobacteria. The number of observed OTUs was lowest in colon contents of CSS-fed pigs. CSS-based formula was associated with higher Bacilli and lower Clostridium from clusters XIVa and XI in the colon. NEC was associated with decreased Gammaproteobacteria in the stomach and increased Clostridium sensu stricto in the ileum. Plasma from NEC piglets was enriched with metabolites of purine metabolism, aromatic amino acid metabolism, and bile acids. Markers of glycolysis, e.g., lactate, were increased in the cecal contents of CSS-fed pigs and in plasma of pigs which developed NEC.
conclusionsFeeding formula containing lactose is not completely protective against NEC, yet selects for greater microbial richness associated with changes in Bacilli and Clostridium and lower NEC incidence. We conclude that feeding preterm piglets a corn syrup solid vs. lactose-based formula increases the incidence of NEC and produces distinct metabolomic signatures despite modest changes in microbiome profiles.
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