ReviewClinical pharmacokinetics2019
Pharmacokinetics of HIV-Integrase Inhibitors During Pregnancy: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications and Knowledge Gaps.
Review in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- The safety of cabotegravir in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Long-acting Cabotegravir/Rilpivirine for Treatment of HIV During Pregnancy: A Case Series.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Population pharmacokinetics of bictegravir in real-world people with HIV.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Pharmacokinetic Adaptations in Pregnancy: Implications for Optimizing Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Positive Women.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- CEST MRI detects antiretroviral drug toxicities in the developing mouse brain.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Antiretroviral Therapy in Pregnancy: A 2023 Review of the Literature.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2024Review
- Exploring Lead-Like Molecules of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Treatment Quest againstBioMed research international · 2024Article
- Antiretroviral Regimen and Pregnancy Outcomes of Women Living with HIV in a US Cohort.Infectious diseases in clinical practice (Baltimore, Md.) · 2023Article
- A computational overview of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) against emerging and evolving drug-resistant HIV-1 integrase mutants.Archives of microbiology · 2023Review
- Review
- Long-acting dolutegravir formulations prevent neurodevelopmental impairments in a mouse model.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors and Neurodevelopment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- A Pharmacokinetic Dose-Optimization Study of Cabotegravir and Bictegravir in a Mouse Pregnancy Model.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Cabotegravir, the Long-Acting Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor, Potently Inhibits Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 TransmissionFrontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Dolutegravir Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinases Affects Mouse Neurodevelopment.Molecular neurobiology · 2021Article
- Structural basis for the inhibition of HTLV-1 integration inferred from cryo-EM deltaretroviral intasome structures.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Characterization of Plasma Protein Alterations in Pregnant and Postpartum Individuals Living With HIV to Support Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model Development.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Article
- Review
- Effect of Pregnancy on Unbound Raltegravir Concentrations in the ANRS 160 RalFe Trial.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2020Article
- Comparative Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors: An Updated Review.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and optimal maternal treatment are the most important goals of antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women with HIV. These goals may be at risk due to possible reduced exposure during pregnancy caused by physiological changes. Limited information is available on the impact of these physiological changes. This is especially true for HIV-integrase inhibitors, a relatively new class of drugs, recommended first-line agents and hence used by a large proportion of HIV-infected patients. Therefore, the objective of this review is to provide a detailed overview of the pharmacokinetics of HIV-integrase inhibitors in pregnancy. Second, this review defines potential causes for the change in pharmacokinetics of HIV-integrase inhibitors during pregnancy. Despite increased clearance, for raltegravir 400 mg twice daily and dolutegravir 50 mg once daily, exposure during pregnancy seems adequate; however, for elvitegravir, the proposed minimal effective concentration is not reached during pregnancy. Lower exposure to these drugs may be caused by increased hormone levels and, subsequently, enhanced drug metabolism during pregnancy. The pharmacokinetics of bictegravir and cabotegravir, which are under development, have not yet been evaluated in pregnant women. New studies need to prospectively assess whether adequate exposure is reached in pregnant women using these new HIV-integrase inhibitors. To further optimize antiretroviral treatment in pregnant women, studies need to unravel the underlying mechanisms behind the changes in the pharmacokinetics of HIV-integrase inhibitors during pregnancy. More knowledge on altered pharmacokinetics during pregnancy and the underlying mechanisms contribute to the development of effective and safe antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected pregnant women.
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