ReviewFrontiers in immunology2018
The Confluence of Sex Hormones and Aging on Immunity.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 185 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
185 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 282 citations in OpenAlex.
- Shared and niche-specific transcriptional signatures of macrophage aging revealed by a cross-tissue meta-analysis.BMC biology · 2026Pooled it
- Sex-based heterogeneity in response to first-line immunotherapy plus chemotherapy in advanced esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Influence of Work on Andropause and Menopause: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Anti-PD-1 and Anti-PD-L1 in Head and Neck Cancer: A Network Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission.Nature communications · 2020Pooled it
- How age and sex interaction is associated with immune aging with implications for vaccines and age-related autoimmunity.npj aging · 2026Review
- Sex-specific trajectories of nonlinear immune aging at single-cell level.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Endogenous Sex Hormones Explain Variation in Long-Term SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Persistence Beyond Biological Sex.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sex differences in non-reproductive cancers: mechanistic roles of sex-hormone signaling.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- The ageing immune system as a driver of systemic ageing.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Preclinical Analysis of Sex-Specific Differences in the Angiogenic and Inflammatory Tissue Response to Surgical Sutures.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- The problem with one-size-fits-all medicine: Biological sex and the aging immune system.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- A machine learning predictive model for staging chronic hepatitis B inflammation based on non-invasive metrics.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Physical Fitness Dynamics Shape Immune Remodeling in Healthy Aging: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study.Aging cell · 2026Article
- Review
- Sex differences in microglia morphology and function across the lifespan are mediated by the early hormone environment.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Beyond XX and XY, Understanding Sex Differences in Leukemia.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Emerging Predictive Biomarkers of Immunotherapy Sensitivity in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- Innovative Strategies of Nanocapsules for Maximizing Efficacy in Tumor Immunotherapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
125 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The immune systems of post-pubescent males and females differ significantly with profound consequences to health and disease. In many cases, sex-specific differences in the immune responses of young adults are also apparent in aged men and women. Moreover, as in young adults, aged women develop several late-adult onset autoimmune conditions more frequently than do men, while aged men continue to develop many cancers to a greater extent than aged women. However, sex differences in the immune systems of aged individuals have not been extensively investigated and data addressing the effectiveness of vaccinations and immunotherapies in aged men and women are scarce. In this review, we evaluate age- and sex hormone-related changes to innate and adaptive immunity, with consideration about how this impacts age- and sex-associated changes in the incidence and pathogenesis of autoimmunity and cancer as well as the efficacy of vaccination and cancer immunotherapy. We conclude that future preclinical and clinical studies should consider age and sex to better understand the ways in which these characteristics intersect with immune function and the resulting consequences for autoimmunity, cancer, and therapeutic interventions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.