ReviewFrontiers in immunology2018
Diversity in the Cow Ultralong CDR H3 Antibody Repertoire.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Leveraging single B cell antibody platforms to develop countermeasures against animal viral diseases: recent advances and future perspectives.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- Comparative Molecular Dynamics Study of 19 Bovine Antibodies with Ultralong CDR H3.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- An ultra-long heavy chain bovine antibody neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and reacts broadly with sarbecoviruses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Bovine Ultra-Long CDR H3 Specific for Bovine Rotavirus Displays Potent Virus Neutralization and Therapeutic Effects in Infected Calves.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Immunization of cows with HIV envelope trimers generates broadly neutralizing antibodies to the V2-apex from the ultralong CDRH3 repertoire.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- De novo genome assembly depicts the immune genomic characteristics of cattle.Nature communications · 2023Article
- The smallest functional antibody fragment: Ultralong CDR H3 antibody knob regions potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Evolution of immunogenetic components encoding ultralong CDR H3.Immunogenetics · 2023Article
- Cattle-derived knob paratopes grafted onto peripheral loops of the IgG1 Fc region enable the generation of a novel symmetric bispecific antibody format.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Germline-Encoded Positional Cysteine Polymorphisms Enhance Diversity in Antibody Ultralong CDR H3 Regions.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2022Article
- Variations in antibody repertoires correlate with vaccine responses.Genome research · 2022Article
- Organization and Complexity of the Yak (Bos Grunniens) Immunoglobulin Loci.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Evolution of surrogate light chain in tetrapods and the relationship between lengths of CDR H3 and VpreB tails.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Access to ultra-long IgG CDRH3 bovine antibody sequences using short read sequencing technology.Molecular immunology · 2021Article
- Structures of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus with neutralizing antibodies derived from recovered natural host reveal a mechanism for cross-serotype neutralization.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Grabbing the Bull by Both Horns: Bovine Ultralong CDR-H3 Paratopes Enable Engineering of 'Almost Natural' Common Light Chain Bispecific Antibodies Suitable For Effector Cell Redirection.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Milking the Cow: Cattle-Derived Chimeric Ultralong CDR-H3 Antibodies and Their Engineered CDR-H3-Only Knobbody Counterparts Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Elicit Potent NK Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Isolation of antigen-specific, disulphide-rich knob domain peptides from bovine antibodies.PLoS biology · 2020Article
- Formation of ultralong DH regions through genomic rearrangement.BMC immunology · 2020Article
- Structural basis of broad HIV neutralization by a vaccine-induced cow antibody.Science advances · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Typical antibodies found in humans and mice usually have short CDR H3s and generally flat binding surfaces. However, cows possess a subset of antibodies with ultralong CDR H3s that can range up to 70 amino acids and form a unique "stalk and knob" structure, with the knob protruding far out of the antibody surface, where it has the potential to bind antigens with concave epitopes. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) has a proven role in diversifying antibody repertoires in humoral immunity, and it has been found to induce somatic hypermutation in bovine immunoglobulin genes both before and after contact with antigen. Due to limited use of variable and diversity genes in the V(D)J recombination events that produce ultralong CDR H3 antibodies in cows, the diversity in the bovine ultralong antibody repertoire has been proposed to rely on AID-induced mutations targeted to the IGHD8-2 gene that encodes the entire knob region. In this review, we discuss the genetics, structures, and diversity of bovine ultralong antibodies, as well as the role of AID in creating a diverse antibody repertoire.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.