Trial reportPloS one2018
AR negative triple negative or "quadruple negative" breast cancers in African American women have an enriched basal and immune signature.
Trial report in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of datasets that can help elucidate relationships among gene expression, race, and immunohistochemistry-defined subtypes in breast cancer.Cancer biology & therapy · 2021Pooled it
- Current and future therapies for triple-negative breast cancer.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Kaiso modulates androgen receptor expression in triple-negative breast cancer.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- FOXM1 Signaling Network Transcriptionally Upregulates Expression of Proteins Involved in Mitotic Progression to Induce High Proliferation and Chromosomal Instability in Androgen Receptor-Low Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and survival in patients with breast cancer: A multicentric retrospective study.Oncology letters · 2026Article
- Worse Clinical and Survival Outcomes in Breast Cancer Patients Living in Puerto Rico Compared to Hispanics, Non-Hispanic Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites from Florida.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- C/EBPβ increases tumor aggressiveness by enhancing KIFC1 expression in androgen receptor negative triple negative breast cancer.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Article
- Dysregulated miRNA Expression and Androgen Receptor Loss in Racially Distinct Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Review
- The DARC side of genetics in cancer: Breast cancer disparities.American journal of human genetics · 2024Article
- Beyond Triple-Negative: High Prevalence of Quadruple-Negative Breast Cancer in African Americans.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Pathologic Complete Response and Overall Survival in Patients With Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treated With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2024Article
- Kinesin Family Member C1 (KIFC1/HSET) Underlies Aggressive Disease in Androgen Receptor-Low and Basal-Like Triple-Negative Breast Cancers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Epigenetic Profiles of Triple-Negative Breast Cancers of African American and White Females.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Molecular features of androgen-receptor low, estrogen receptor-negative breast cancers in the Carolina breast cancer study.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2023Article
- Neighborhood Disadvantage, African Genetic Ancestry, Cancer Subtype, and Mortality Among Breast Cancer Survivors.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- The prognostic value and immune microenvironment association of AR in HER2+ nonmetastatic breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2023Article
- Immune Profile of Exosomes in African American Breast Cancer Patients Is Mediated by Kaiso/THBS1/CD47 Signaling.Cancers · 2023Article
- Molecular Features of Androgen-Receptor Low, Estrogen Receptor-Negative Breast Cancers in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study.Research square · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that Androgen Receptor (AR) expression has prognostic usefulness in Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), where tumors that lack AR expression are considered "Quadruple negative" Breast Cancers ("QNBC"). However, a comprehensive analysis of AR expression within all breast cancer subtypes or stratified by race has not been reported. We assessed AR mRNA expression in 925 tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and 136 tumors in 2 confirmation sets. AR protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in 197 tumors from a multi-institutional cohort, for a total of 1258 patients analyzed. Cox hazard ratios were used to determine correlations to PAM50 breast cancer subtypes, and TNBC subtypes. Overall, AR-negative patients are diagnosed at a younger age compared to AR-positive patients, with the average age of AA AR-negative patients being, 49. AA breast tumors express AR at lower rates compared to Whites, independent of ER and PR expression (p<0.0001). AR-negative patients have a (66.60; 95% CI, 32-146) odds ratio of being basal-like compared to other PAM50 subtypes, and this is associated with an increased time to progression and decreased overall survival. AA "QNBC" patients predominately demonstrated BL1, BL2 and IM subtypes, with differential expression of E2F1, NFKBIL2, CCL2, TGFB3, CEBPB, PDK1, IL12RB2, IL2RA, and SOS1 genes compared to white patients. Immune checkpoint inhibitors PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 were significantly upregulated in both overall "QNBC" and AA "QNBC" patients as well. Thus, AR could be used as a prognostic marker for breast cancer, particularly in AA "QNBC" patients.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.