ArticleNeuropsychiatric disease and treatment2018
Acetaminophen, antibiotics, ear infection, breastfeeding, vitamin D drops, and autism: an epidemiological study.
Article in Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early Life Antibiotic Exposure and the Subsequent Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2022Pooled it
- Paracetamol (acetaminophen) use in infants and children was never shown to be safe for neurodevelopment: a systematic review with citation tracking.European journal of pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Social media recruitment for mental health research: A systematic review.Comprehensive psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- The Association between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Pre- and Postnatal Antibiotic Exposure in Childhood-A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Pooled it
- Early Life Exposure to Antibiotics and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2019Pooled it
- Association of Breastfeeding Duration with Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in an Enriched Familial Likelihood Cohort for Autism Spectrum Disorder.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- The Long and Winding Road to Understanding Autism.NeuroSci · 2025Review
- Evaluating the Role of Susceptibility Inducing Cofactors and of Acetaminophen in the Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Postnatal acetaminophen exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18-21 months corrected gestational age in preterm infants <29 weeks gestation: a retrospective cohort study.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Incidence of Otolaryngological Manifestations in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Special Focus on Auditory Disorders.Audiology research · 2024Review
- Infant feeding practices and autism spectrum disorder in US children aged 2-5 years: the national survey of children's health (NSCH) 2016-2020.International breastfeeding journal · 2023Article
- Association of feeding patterns in infancy with later autism symptoms and neurodevelopment: a national multicentre survey.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Exposure to Antibiotics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Could Probiotics Modulate the Gut-Brain Axis?Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Maternal antibiotics disrupt microbiome, behavior, and temperature regulation in unexposed infant mice.Developmental psychobiology · 2022Article
- Neonatal Antibiotic Treatment Can Affect Stool Pattern and Oral Tolerance in Preterm Infants.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Novel probiotic treatment of autism spectrum disorder associated social behavioral symptoms in two rodent models.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- A Scoping Literature Review of the Relation between Nutrition and ASD Symptoms in Children.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Nonshared environmental factors in the aetiology of autism and other neurodevelopmental conditions: a monozygotic co-twin control study.Molecular autism · 2022Article
- Association of Breastfeeding for the First Six Months of Life and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A National Multi-Center Study in China.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWhile many studies have examined environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), much of the research focus has been on prenatal or perinatal factors. Yet, the postnatal environment may affect the risk of ASD as well.
objectiveTo determine whether a set of five postnatal variables are associated with ASD. These variables are: acetaminophen exposure, antibiotic exposure, incidence of ear infection, decreased duration of breastfeeding, and decreased consumption of oral vitamin D drops. MATERIALS AND
methodsAn Internet-based survey was conducted. Participants were parents living in the USA with at least one biological child between 3 and 12 years of age. Potential participants were informed about the survey via postings on social media, websites, and listservs and were offered an opportunity to participate in a raffle as well. Participants were also recruited through the Interactive Autism Network.
resultsThere were 1,741 completed survey responses. After exclusions, there remained 1,001 responses associated with children with ASD (cases) and 514 responses associated with children who do not have ASD (controls). In this data set, doses of postnatal acetaminophen (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.016, CI: 1.003-1.032,
conclusionThis study adds to evidence that postnatal acetaminophen use, postnatal antibiotic use, incidence of ear infection, and early weaning are associated with an increased risk of ASD. It also finds that postnatal oral vitamin D drops are weakly associated with ASD when adjusted for breastfeeding and demographics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.