ArticleJournal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance2018
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of acute cardiovascular effects of voluntary apnoea in elite divers.
Article in Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02280226 (Evaluating the Influence of Apnea on Heart Function With Strain Analysis and Measurement of Fibrosis Derived From T1-mapping Using Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging), which is not on this map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluating the Influence of Apnea on Heart Function With Strain Analysis and Measurement of Fibrosis Derived From T1-mapping Using Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aquaticity as a Latent Dimension of Aquatic Performance: Conceptual Framework and Application to Breath-Hold Diving.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- Lactate increases oxygen unloading of preconditioned blood from male elite breath-hold divers.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Persistent Impairment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in an Ice Swimming Champion.Journal of medical cases · 2025Article
- The blood flow and vascular responses in dynamically exercising skeletal muscles evoked by combination of cold stimulation and voluntary apnea in humans.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Article
- When the human brain goes diving: using near-infrared spectroscopy to measure cerebral and systemic cardiovascular responses to deep, breath-hold diving in elite freedivers.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021Article
- Physiology, pathophysiology and (mal)adaptations to chronic apnoeic training: a state-of-the-art review.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Review
- Cardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Going to Extremes of Lung Physiology-Deep Breath-Hold Diving.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Review
- Hematologic changes after short term hypoxia in non-elite apnea divers under voluntary dry apnea conditions.PloS one · 2020Observational
- Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: 2017/2018 in review.Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundProlonged breath holding results in hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Compensatory mechanisms help maintain adequate oxygen supply to hypoxia sensitive organs, but burden the cardiovascular system. The aim was to investigate human compensatory mechanisms and their effects on the cardiovascular system with regard to cardiac function and morphology, blood flow redistribution, serum biomarkers of the adrenergic system and myocardial injury markers following prolonged apnoea.
methodsSeventeen elite apnoea divers performed maximal breath-hold during cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Two breath-hold sessions were performed to assess (1) cardiac function, myocardial tissue properties and (2) blood flow. In between CMR sessions, a head MRI was performed for the assessment of signs of silent brain ischemia. Urine and blood samples were analysed prior to and up to 4 h after the first breath-hold.
resultsMean breath-hold time was 297 ± 52 s. Left ventricular (LV) end-systolic, end-diastolic, and stroke volume increased significantly (p < 0.05). Peripheral oxygen saturation, LV ejection fraction, LV fractional shortening, and heart rate decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Blood distribution was diverted to cerebral regions with no significant changes in the descending aorta. Catecholamine levels, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, and NT-pro-BNP levels increased significantly, but did not reach pathological levels.
conclusionCompensatory effects of prolonged apnoea substantially burden the cardiovascular system. CMR tissue characterisation did not reveal acute myocardial injury, indicating that the resulting cardiovascular stress does not exceed compensatory physiological limits in healthy subjects. However, these compensatory mechanisms could overly tax those limits in subjects with pre-existing cardiac disease. For divers interested in competetive apnoea diving, a comprehensive medical exam with a special focus on the cardiovascular system may be warranted.
trial registrationThis prospective single-centre study was approved by the institutional ethics committee review board. It was retrospectively registered under ClinicalTrials.gov (Trial registration: NCT02280226 . Registered 29 October 2014).
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.