ArticleAmerican heart journal2018
High-dose influenza vaccine to reduce clinical outcomes in high-risk cardiovascular patients: Rationale and design of the INVESTED trial.
Article in American heart journal, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02787044 (INfluenza Vaccine to Effectively Stop Cardio Thoracic Events and Decompensated Heart Failure), which is not on this map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
INfluenza Vaccine to Effectively Stop Cardio Thoracic Events and Decompensated Heart Failure
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Moving the Needle on Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Failure with Influenza Vaccination.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2021Pooled it
- Educational Attainment Level and Risk of Mortality and Cardiopulmonary Outcomes in High-Risk Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: The INVESTED Trial.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Trial
- Temporal Association Among Influenza-Like Illness, Cardiovascular Events, and Vaccine Dose in Patients With High-Risk Cardiovascular Disease: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2023Trial
- Association of post-vaccination adverse reactions after influenza vaccine with mortality and cardiopulmonary outcomes in patients with high-risk cardiovascular disease: the INVESTED trial.European journal of heart failure · 2023Trial
- Influenza vaccination reduces incidence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Enhancing Evidence Generation by Linking Randomized Clinical Trials to Real-World Data: The INVESTED-Medicare Linkage Study.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Influenza Vaccination as Cardiovascular Prevention in Adults with Heart Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Influenza vaccination in patients with heart failure: comprehensive review of evidence, challenges, and clinical implications.Heart failure reviews · 2026Review
- Feasibility and Findings of Including Self-Identified Adult Congenital Heart Disease Patients in the INVESTED Trial.JACC. Advances · 2024Article
- High-Dose vs. Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccine and Cardiopulmonary Hospitalization or Mortality: Emulating the INVESTED Trial Using Insurance Claims Data.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2024Article
- Absence of cardiac impairment in patients after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 infection: A long-term follow-up study.Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · 2024Article
- Pleiotropic Effects of Influenza Vaccination.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Vaccines and cardiovascular outcomes: lessons learned from influenza epidemics.European heart journal supplements : journal of the European Society of Cardiology · 2023Article
- The impact of influenza vaccination on cardiovascular diseases.European heart journal supplements : journal of the European Society of Cardiology · 2023Article
- A multicenter program for electronic health record screening for patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Lessons from the DELIVER-EHR initiative.Contemporary clinical trials · 2022Review
- T Cell Response to Influenza Vaccination Remains Intact in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease Who Underwent Early Thymectomy.International journal of cardiology. Congenital heart disease · 2022Article
- When Are Treatment Blinding and Treatment Standardization Necessary in Real-World Clinical Trials?Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2022Review
- Influenza Vaccination to Reduce Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With COVID-19: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2020Review
- Association of acute myocardial infarction with influenza: A nationwide observational study.PloS one · 2020Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors at 15 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInfluenza leads to significant cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality-particularly in patients with cardiovascular disease-that may be prevented with a standard influenza vaccine. However, patients with cardiovascular conditions have a reduced immune response to influenza vaccine, potentially resulting in reduced effectiveness for preventing clinical events. High-dose vaccine augments immune response in cardiac patients, suggesting that a high-dose influenza vaccination strategy may further reduce morbidity and mortality. Alternatively, broader coverage with an influenza vaccine containing an increased number of viral strains is an alternative strategy without direct evaluation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsINfluenza Vaccine to Effectively Stop Cardio Thoracic Events and Decompensated heart failure (INVESTED) is a pragmatic, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, active-controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of an annual vaccination strategy of high-dose trivalent versus standard-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine in patients with a history of recent heart failure or myocardial infarction hospitalization. The trial will enroll approximately 9,300 patients over 4 influenza seasons. The primary hypothesis is that high-dose influenza vaccine will reduce the composite outcome of all-cause mortality and hospitalization from a cardiovascular or pulmonary cause compared with standard-dose influenza vaccine within each enrolling season. Approximately 1,300 primary outcome events will provide >90% power to detect an 18% relative risk reduction at a 2-sided α level of .05.
conclusionINVESTED is the largest and longest study to assess whether high-dose influenza vaccine is superior to standard-dose influenza vaccine in reducing cardiopulmonary events in a high-risk cardiovascular population (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02787044).
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.