SynthesisEuropean child & adolescent psychiatry2019
Maternal breastfeeding and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: a meta-analysis.
Synthesis in European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prenatal, Birth, and Postnatal Factors Associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2024Pooled it
- Association of breastfeeding with mental disorders in mother and child: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Early-life factors associated with developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing symptoms from early childhood through adolescence: Rhea mother-child cohort in Crete, Greece.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Psychological relation of tandem nursing to children's socio-emotional development and attachment to their caregiver.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Implications for the Prevention of Poverty-Related Environmental Risks for Childhood ADHD: A Narrative Review.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Review
- Correction: Implications for the Prevention of Poverty-Related Environmental Risks for Childhood ADHD: A Narrative Review.Child psychiatry and human development · 2026Article
- Sibling Control Analysis of Perinatal Health and Family Environment Factors Related to Childhood ADHD Symptoms.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Association between infant feeding and ADHD development in childhood: a birth cohort study in Taiwan.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding initiation and duration: links to physical, mental and behavioural health in US children aged 3-5 years.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2025Article
- Prenatal maternal stress, breastfeeding and offspring ADHD symptoms.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- Prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and child neurodevelopment: The role of breastfeeding duration.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- A Prediction Model of Autism Spectrum Diagnosis from Well-Baby Electronic Data Using Machine Learning.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Trajectory Analysis for Identifying Classes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children of the United States.Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health : CP & EMH · 2024Article
- A systematic meta-review of systematic reviews on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2023Review
- Neonatal risk factors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an umbrella review.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2023Article
- Feeding practice during infancy is associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: a population-based study in South Korea.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Infant feeding method and special educational need in 191,745 Scottish schoolchildren: A national, population cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2023Article
- Associations of Maternal Milk Feeding With Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 7 Years of Age in Former Preterm Infants.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Trialling a microbiome-targeted dietary intervention in children with ADHD-the rationale and a non-randomised feasibility study.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2022Article
- Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and metals and problematic child behavior at 3-5 years of age: a Greenlandic cohort study.Scientific reports · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested environmental factors may contribute to the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current meta-analysis examined (1) the difference in the duration of maternal breastfeeding between children with and without ADHD, and (2) the association between maternal breastfeeding and ADHD in children. The data of individual studies were synthesized with a random-effects model. Eleven articles were included in this meta-analysis. Children with ADHD had significantly less breastfeeding duration than controls (Hedges' g = - 0.36, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = - 0.61 to - 0.11, p = 0.005; difference in means: - 2.44 months, 95% CIs = - 3.17 to - 1.71, p < 0.001). In addition, the rates of non-exclusive breastfeeding in children with ADHD is significantly higher in "under 3 months" (odds ratio (OR) = 1.90, 95% CIs = 1.45 to 2.48, p < 0.001) but lower in "6 to 12 months" (OR = 0.69, 95% CIs = 0.49 to 0.98, p = 0.039) and "over 12 months" (OR = 0.58, 95% CIs = 0.35 to 0.97, p = 0.038) than controls. Children with ADHD received significantly higher rate of exclusive breastfeeding duration "under 3 months" (OR = 1.51, 95% CIs = 1.20 to 1.89, p < 0.001) but lower in "over 3 months" (OR = 0.52, 95% CIs = 0.29 to 0.95, p = 0.033) than controls. Furthermore, an association was found between non-breastfeeding and ADHD children (adjusted OR = 3.71, 95% CI = 1.94 to 7.11, p < 0.001). Our results suggest maternal breastfeeding is associated with a lower risk of ADHD in children. Future longitudinal research is required to confirm/refute these findings and to explore possible mechanisms underlying this association.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.