ArticleScientific reports2018
The relationship between reinforcement and explicit control during visuomotor adaptation.
Article in Scientific reports, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Error fields: personalized robotic movement training that augments one's more likely mistakes.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Non-invasive stimulation of the human striatum disrupts reinforcement learning of motor skills.Nature human behaviour · 2024Trial
- Mistakes matter, age doesn't: task outcome modulates implicit motor adaptation similarly in young and older adults.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Enforcing a high success percentage interferes with reward-based motor learning.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Reward-driven adaptation of movements requires strong recurrent basal ganglia-cortical loops.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Indirect feedback hinders explicit sensorimotor adaptation.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- The sign of exploration during reward-based motor learning is not independent from trial to trial.Experimental brain research · 2025Article
- Distinct patterns of connectivity with the motor cortex reflect different components of sensorimotor learning.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- A Circle-Drawing Task for Studying Reward-Based Motor Learning in Children and Adults.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Review
- Motor adaptation is reduced by symbolic compared to sensory feedback.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Article
- Reinforcement Motor Learning After Cerebellar Damage Is Related to State Estimation.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2024Article
- Reinforcement Learning during Locomotion.eNeuro · 2024Article
- Dopamine Increases Accuracy and Lengthens Deliberation Time in Explicit Motor Skill Learning.eNeuro · 2024Article
- Implicit reward-based motor learning.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- The effect of combining punishment and reward can transfer to opposite motor learning.PloS one · 2023Article
- Individual sensorimotor adaptation characteristics are independent across orofacial speech movements and limb reaching movements.Journal of neurophysiology · 2022Article
- Human Variation in Error-Based and Reinforcement Motor Learning Is Associated With Entorhinal Volume.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The motor system's ability to adapt to environmental changes is essential for maintaining accurate movements. Such adaptation recruits several distinct systems: cerebellar sensory-prediction error learning, success-based reinforcement, and explicit control. Although much work has focused on the relationship between cerebellar learning and explicit control, there is little research regarding how reinforcement and explicit control interact. To address this, participants first learnt a 20° visuomotor displacement. After reaching asymptotic performance, binary, hit-or-miss feedback (BF) was introduced either with or without visual feedback, the latter promoting reinforcement. Subsequently, retention was assessed using no-feedback trials, with half of the participants in each group being instructed to stop aiming off target. Although BF led to an increase in retention of the visuomotor displacement, instructing participants to stop re-aiming nullified this effect, suggesting explicit control is critical to BF-based reinforcement. In a second experiment, we prevented the expression or development of explicit control during BF performance, by either constraining participants to a short preparation time (expression) or by introducing the displacement gradually (development). Both manipulations strongly impaired BF performance, suggesting reinforcement requires both recruitment and expression of an explicit component. These results emphasise the pivotal role explicit control plays in reinforcement-based motor learning.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.