ArticleMolecular biology and evolution2018
Toll-Like Receptor Evolution in Birds: Gene Duplication, Pseudogenization, and Diversifying Selection.
Article in Molecular biology and evolution, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 141 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Evolutionary Response Patterns of the RodentEcology and evolution · 2026Article
- Convergent evolution through independent rearrangements in the primate amylase locus.Cell reports · 2026Article
- A chromosome-level genome for gila trout (Oncorhynchus gilae) provides a novel resource for conservation and management.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Divergent cis-regulatory haplotypes at Tlr2 are associated with immune responsiveness.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Characterizing Physicochemical Selection in Protein Evolution with Property-Informed Models (PRIME).bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Predictors of Protein Evolution in the drosophilid Immune System.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Toll-like receptors in fish: evolution, structure, immune signaling, and translational prospects for adjuvant-based vaccine design in aquaculture.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Positive Selection on Mammalian Immune Genes-Effects of Gene Function and Selective Constraint.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Genome-wide identification and characterisation of Toll-like receptors in Chinese spiny frog (Frontiers in genetics · 2025Article
- Positive Selection of TLR2 and MyD88 Genes Provides Insights Into the Molecular Basis of Immunological Adaptation in Amphibians.Ecology and evolution · 2024Article
- Recurrent Independent Pseudogenization Events of the Sperm Fertilization Gene ZP3r in Apes and Monkeys.Journal of molecular evolution · 2024Article
- Spatial variation in toll-like receptor diversity in koala populations across their geographic distribution.Immunogenetics · 2024Article
- Antiviral Effects of Avian Interferon-Stimulated Genes.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Review
- Expression profile of Toll-like receptors and cytokines in the cecal tonsil of chickens challenged with Eimeria tenella.Parasitology research · 2024Article
- A new method for ecologists to estimate heterozygote excess and deficit for multi-locus gene families.Ecology and evolution · 2024Article
- A nuclear genome assembly of an extinct flightless bird, the little bush moa.Science advances · 2024Article
- Twelve toll-like receptor (TLR) genes in the family Equidae - comparative genomics, selection and evolution.Veterinary research communications · 2024Article
- Immune receptors and aging brain.Bioscience reports · 2024Review
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensor molecules in vertebrates triggering initial phases of immune responses to pathogens. The avian TLR family typically consists of ten receptors, each adapted to distinct ligands. To understand the complex evolutionary history of each avian TLR, we analyzed all members of the TLR family in the whole genome assemblies and target sequence data of 63 bird species covering all major avian clades. Our results indicate that gene duplication events most probably occurred in TLR1 before synapsids diversified from sauropsids. Unlike mammals, ssRNA-recognizing TLR7 has duplicated independently in several avian taxa, while flagellin-sensing TLR5 has pseudogenized multiple times in bird phylogeny. Our analysis revealed stronger positive, diversifying selection acting in TLR5 and the three-domain TLRs (TLR10 [TLR1A], TLR1 [TLR1B], TLR2A, TLR2B, TLR4) that face the extracellular space and bind complex ligands than in single-domain TLR15 and endosomal TLRs (TLR3, TLR7, TLR21). In total, 84 out of 306 positively selected sites were predicted to harbor substitutions dramatically changing the amino acid physicochemical properties. Furthermore, 105 positively selected sites were located in the known functionally relevant TLR regions. We found evidence for convergent evolution acting between birds and mammals at 54 of these sites. Our comparative study provides a comprehensive insight into the evolution of avian TLR genetic variability. Besides describing the history of avian TLR gene gain and gene loss, we also identified candidate positions in the receptors that have been likely shaped by direct molecular host-pathogen coevolutionary interactions and most probably play key functional roles in birds.
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