ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2018
A Longitudinal Study of Thyroid Markers Across Pregnancy and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cardiovascular risk factors in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2021Pooled it
- Association of thyroid disorders with gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis.Endocrine · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- Lipid profiles and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in women with isolated TPOAb positivity during early pregnancy.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Thyroid function changes in pregnant women with thyroid cancer and their association with adverse fetal outcomes: a parallel controlled study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Management of Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy and Its Impact on Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Low FT4 levels in early pregnancy are associated with higher insulin therapy need in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.European thyroid journal · 2026Article
- Thyroid markers in early to mid-pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes: a longitudinal retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- The association between maternal FT3/FT4 ratio in early pregnancy and adverse neonatal outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Sparse time-varying log-ratios for longitudinal high-throughput sequencing data.Frontiers in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Free thyroxine modifying the association of serum ferritin with gestational diabetes risk: A retrospective cohort study.Nutrition journal · 2025Article
- Association between maternal circulating total triiodothyronine and subsequent risk of preeclampsia.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Article
- The impact of insulin resistance on thyroid function and the prevalence of thyroid follicular nodular disease in pregnant women.European thyroid journal · 2025Article
- Machine learning based model for the early detection of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2025Article
- Free triiodothyronine and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: an observational study and Mendelian randomization analysis.Nutrition & metabolism · 2025Article
- The Camden Study-A Pregnancy Cohort Study of Pregnancy Complications and Birth Outcomes in Camden, New Jersey, USA.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Article
- Thyroid functions and insulin resistance in pregnant Sudanese women.BMC endocrine disorders · 2024Article
- A Variance-Based Sensitivity Analysis Approach for Identifying Interactive Exposures.Statistics in biosciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Context: T3 is the biologically active thyroid hormone involved in glucose metabolism. The free T3 (fT3)/free T4 (fT4) ratio, a marker indicating conversion of fT4 to fT3, is also implicated in glucose homeostasis. Objective: To examine associations of fT3 and the fT3/fT4 ratio with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Design: In a case-control study, thyroid markers (fT3, fT4, TSH) were measured and the fT3/fT4 ratio was derived across four visits in pregnancy, including first (gestational weeks 10 to 14) and second (weeks 15 to 26) trimester. Conditional logistic regression adjusting for thyroid autoimmunity status and major GDM risk factors estimated trimester-specific associations of thyroid markers with subsequent GDM risk. Setting: Twelve US clinical centers. Participants: One hundred seven GDM cases and 214 non-GDM controls from a multiracial pregnancy cohort of 2802 women. Main Outcome Measures: GDM diagnosis ascertained from medical records. Results: Both fT3 and the fT3/fT4 ratio were positively associated with GDM: adjusted OR (95% CI) comparing the highest vs lowest fT3 quartile was 4.25 (1.67, 10.80) at the first trimester and 3.89 (1.50, 10.10) at the second trimester. Similarly, the corresponding risk estimates for the fT3/fT4 ratio were 8.63 (2.87, 26.00) and 13.60 (3.97, 46.30) at the first and second trimester, respectively. Neither TSH nor fT4 was significantly associated with GDM. Conclusions: Higher fT3 levels, potentially resulting from de novo synthesis or increased fT4 to fT3 conversion, may be an indicator of GDM risk starting early in pregnancy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.