ArticleStatistics in medicine2018
Efficient design of cluster randomized trials with treatment-dependent costs and treatment-dependent unknown variances.
Article in Statistics in medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effect of a school-linked life skills intervention on adolescents' sexual and reproductive health skills in Guji zone, Ethiopia (CRT)-A generalized linear model.Frontiers in public health · 2023Trial
- Optimal allocation to treatments in a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial.Statistical methods in medical research · 2021Trial
- Designing Efficient Multicenter Trials With a Maximin Strategy.Statistics in medicine · 2026Article
- Optimal Designs in Open-Cohort Longitudinal Cluster Randomized Trials With a Continuous Outcome.Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift · 2026Article
- Efficient design of partially nested randomized trials: A maximin approach.Statistical methods in medical research · 2026Article
- Article
- Optimal design for matched pair cluster randomized trials with heterogeneous correlations and costs.Journal of applied statistics · 2026Article
- Identifying Less Burdensome and More Cost-Efficient Incomplete Stepped Wedge Designs for Continuous Outcomes Collected via Repeated Cross-Sections.Statistics in medicine · 2025Article
- Optimal designs using generalized estimating equations in cluster randomized crossover and stepped wedge trials.Statistical methods in medical research · 2024Article
- The Effect of School-Linked Module-Based Friendly-Health Education on Adolescents' Sexual and Reproductive Health Knowledge, Guji Zone, Ethiopia - Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.Adolescent health, medicine and therapeutics · 2024Article
- Knowledge, attitude towards, and utilization of friendly health services among school adolescents in the pastoral community of Guji zone, Ethiopia: an institution-based comparative cross-sectional study.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2024Article
- An overview of optimal designs under a given budget in cluster randomized trials with a binary outcome.Statistical methods in medical research · 2023Review
- Optimal design of cluster randomized trials allowing unequal allocation of clusters and unequal cluster size between arms.Statistics in medicine · 2021Article
- Maximin design of cluster randomized trials with heterogeneous costs and variances.Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift · 2021Article
- Optimal two-stage sampling for mean estimation in multilevel populations when cluster size is informative.Statistical methods in medical research · 2021Article
- Optimal allocation of subjects in a matched pair cluster-randomized trial with fixed number of heterogeneous clusters.Journal of applied statistics · 2021Article
- Optimal allocations for two treatment comparisons within the proportional odds cumulative logits model.PloS one · 2021Article
- Efficient design of cluster randomized trials with treatment-dependent costs and treatment-dependent unknown variances.Statistics in medicine · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Cluster randomized trials evaluate the effect of a treatment on persons nested within clusters, where treatment is randomly assigned to clusters. Current equations for the optimal sample size at the cluster and person level assume that the outcome variances and/or the study costs are known and homogeneous between treatment arms. This paper presents efficient yet robust designs for cluster randomized trials with treatment-dependent costs and treatment-dependent unknown variances, and compares these with 2 practical designs. First, the maximin design (MMD) is derived, which maximizes the minimum efficiency (minimizes the maximum sampling variance) of the treatment effect estimator over a range of treatment-to-control variance ratios. The MMD is then compared with the optimal design for homogeneous variances and costs (balanced design), and with that for homogeneous variances and treatment-dependent costs (cost-considered design). The results show that the balanced design is the MMD if the treatment-to control cost ratio is the same at both design levels (cluster, person) and within the range for the treatment-to-control variance ratio. It still is highly efficient and better than the cost-considered design if the cost ratio is within the range for the squared variance ratio. Outside that range, the cost-considered design is better and highly efficient, but it is not the MMD. An example shows sample size calculation for the MMD, and the computer code (SPSS and R) is provided as supplementary material. The MMD is recommended for trial planning if the study costs are treatment-dependent and homogeneity of variances cannot be assumed.
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