ArticleDrug metabolism letters2018
New Perspectives on Acyl Glucuronide Risk Assessment in Drug Discovery: Investigation of In vitro Stability, In situ Reactivity, and Bioactivation.
Article in Drug metabolism letters, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, First-in-Human Study of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Repeat Oral Doses of Novel Antitubercular Drug Candidate, GSK2556286, in Healthy Adults.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Trial
- Characterization of the Formation of the Acyl Glucuronide Metabolite of 7-Carboxy-Cannabidiol in Human Liver, Kidney, and Intestinal Microsomes andACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2026Article
- Computational Chemistry Approach in the Assessment of Potential Acyl Glucuronide-mediated Toxicity.Current drug metabolism · 2026Article
- Stereoselective Covalent Adduct Formation of Acyl Glucuronide Metabolite of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs with UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Enzyme Kinetics of Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs).Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2021Article
- Investigation of phase II metabolism of 11-hydroxy-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and metabolite verification by chemical synthesis of 11-hydroxy-Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-glucuronide.International journal of legal medicine · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAcyl glucuronides of xenobiotics have been a subject of wide interest from the pharmaceutical industry with respect to biochemical reactivity, hepatic disposition, and enterohepatic circulation. The reactivity and lack of stability of an acyl glucuronide for a clinical candidate could pose major developability concerns. To date, multiple in vitro assays have been published to assess the risk associated with acyl glucuronides. Despite this fact, the translation of these findings to predicting clinical safety remains poor.
methodsIn the present investigation, we aimed to provide simplified in vitro strategy to understand the bioactivation potential of acyl glucuronides of 10 commercial, carboxylic acid containing drugs that have been categorized as "safe," "warning," or "withdrawn" with respect to their marketed use. Acyl migration was measured as a function of the number of peaks observed in LC-MSn analysis. In addition, we carried out reactive intermediate trapping studies with glutathione and methoxylamine to identify the key intermediates in the transacylation bioactivation and glycation pathways, respectively. We also conducted reaction phenotyping with recombinant UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) Supersomes® to investigate if the formation of acyl glucuronides could be linked to specific UGT isoform(s).
resultsOur results were in line with reported values in the literature. Our assay could be used in discovery research where half-life calculation completely eliminated the need to chemically synthesize the acyl glucuronide standard for risk assessment. We captured our results for risk assessment in a flow chart to simplify the various complex in vitro techniques historically presented.
conclusionWhile the compounds tested from "withdrawn" and "warning category" all formed the glutathione adduct in buffer, none from "safe" category formed the glutathione adduct. In contrast, none of the compounds tested from any category formed methoxylamine conjugate, a reaction with putative aldehyde moiety formed via acyl migration. These results, highly favor the nucleophilic displacement as a cause of the reactivity rather than the acyl migration via aldehyde formation. The workflow presented could also be applied in the discovery setting to triage new chemical entities of interest.
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