Observational studyBMJ open2018
Educational inequalities in subjective health in Germany from 1994 to 2014: a trend analysis using the German Socio-Economic Panel study (GSOEP).
Observational study in BMJ open, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Obesity, food habits and socio-demographic factors among university students in Germany: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Reference values for the quality of life after traumatic brain injury questionnaire and its overall scale from the adult German general population.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2026Article
- Understanding patients' self-management after enterostomy: knowledge, attitudes, and practices in a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Changes over time in social inequality in adult self-rated health: the case of Norway 2002-2019.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Educational differences in mental health-related quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: the mediating role of pandemic-induced psychosocial stress.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- The association between education level and overactive bladder: Evidence from a U.S. population-based study.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- [Subjective health in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic-a comparison of socio-demographic groups and pandemic-related risk factors].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2024Article
- Article
- [Working poverty and self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a comparative study over time using 1995-2021 Socioeconomic Panel data].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2023Article
- A Novel Methodological Approach to Measure Linear Trends in Health Inequalities: Proof of Concept With Adolescent Smoking in Europe.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Trends and Changes in Socio-Economic Inequality in Self-Rated Health among Migrants and Non-Migrants: Repeated Cross-Sectional Analysis of National Survey Data in Germany, 1995-2017.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Health-related quality of life in Norwegian adults with Fabry disease: Disease severity, pain, fatigue and psychological distress.JIMD reports · 2021Article
- Article
- Possible associations between callers' degree-of-worry and their socioeconomic status when contacting out-of-hours services: a prospective cohort study.BMC emergency medicine · 2021Article
- Article
- Trends in healthy life expectancy between 2002 and 2018 in Germany - Compression or expansion of health-related quality of life (HRQOL)?SSM - population health · 2021Article
- Article
- 36-year trends in educational inequalities in self-rated health among Finnish adults.SSM - population health · 2019Article
- Article
- Trends in good self-rated health in Germany between 1995 and 2014: do age and gender matter?International journal of public health · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionAs trend studies have shown, health inequalities by income and occupation have widened or remained stable. However, research on time trends in educational inequalities in health in Germany is scarce. The aim of this study is to analyse how educational inequalities in health evolved over a period of 21 years in the middle-aged population in Germany, and whether the trends differ by gender.
methodsData were obtained from the German Socio-Economic Panel covering the period from 1994 to 2014. In total, n=16 339 participants (106 221 person years) aged 30-49 years were included in the study sample. Educational level was measured based on the 'Comparative Analysis of Social Mobility in Industrial Nations' (CASMIN) classification. Health outcomes were self-rated health (SRH) as well as (mental and physical) health-related quality of life (HRQOL, SF-12v2). Absolute Index of Inequality (Slope Index of Inequality (SII)) and Relative Index of Inequality (RII) were calculated using linear and logarithmic regression analyses with robust SEs.
resultsSignificant educational inequalities in SRH and physical HRQOL were found for almost every survey year from 1994 to 2014. Relative inequalities in SRH ranged from 1.50 to 2.10 in men and 1.25 to 1.87 in women (RII). Regarding physical HRQOL, the lowest educational group yielded 4.5 to 6.6 points (men) and 3.3 to 6.1 points (women) lower scores (SII). Although educational level increased over time, absolute and relative health inequalities remained largely stable over the last 21 years. For mental HRQOL, only few educational inequalities were found. DISCUSSION: This study found persistent educational inequalities in SRH and physical HRQOL among adults in Germany from 1994 to 2014. Our findings highlight the need to intensify efforts in social and health policies to tackle these persistent inequalities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.