ReviewJournal of midwifery & women's health2018
The Causal Inference Framework: A Primer on Concepts and Methods for Improving the Study of Well-Woman Childbearing Processes.
Review in Journal of midwifery & women's health, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Estimating Causal Effects of Third-Stage Management on Postpartum Haemorrhage in a Midwifery Context: An Evidence Synthesis Approach for Constructing Directed Acyclic Graphs.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- A Comparison of Physiologic Third-Stage Care, Expectant Management, and Oxytocin Prophylaxis in the Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage Following Physiologic Labor and Birth: A Systematic Review.Journal of midwifery & women's healthPooled it
- Implementation, Acceptability, and Actions After Using an AI Workplace Health Kiosk in a Low-Resource Public School Workplace Setting: Cross-Sectional Pilot Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- From peripheral blood to tumor microenvironment: spatial dimension deficiency and paradigm reconstruction in immunotherapy biomarker research.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- More than the passage of time: neonatal health and active labor duration, the mediating role of chorioamnionitis.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2025Observational
- Impaired oxygenation after lung resection: Incidence and perioperative risk factors.Journal of clinical anesthesia · 2024Article
- An alternative model of maternity care for low-risk birth: Maternal and neonatal outcomes utilizing the midwifery-based birth center model.Health services research · 2024Observational
- Article
- Maternal Morbidity Predicted by an Intersectional Social Determinants of Health Phenotype: A Secondary Analysis of the NuMoM2b Dataset.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2022Article
- Association of body mass index and maternal age with first stage duration of labour.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The association between longer durations of the latent phase of labor and subsequent perinatal processes and outcomes among midwifery patients.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2020Article
- Influence of midwifery presence in United States centers on labor care and outcomes of low-risk parous women: A Consortium on Safe Labor study.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2019Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The causal inference framework and related methods have emerged as vital within epidemiology. Scientists in many fields have found that this framework and a variety of designs and analytic approaches facilitate the conduct of strong science. These approaches have proven particularly important for catalyzing knowledge development using existing data and addressing questions for which randomized clinical trials are neither feasible nor ethical. The study of healthy women and normal childbearing processes may benefit from more direct and deliberate engagement with the process of inferring causes and, further, may be strengthened through use of methods appropriate for this undertaking. The purpose of this primer, the first in a series of 3 articles, is to provide the reader an introduction to concepts and methods relevant for causal inference, aimed at the clinician scientist and offer details and references supporting further application of epidemiologic knowledge. The causal inference framework and associated methods hold promise for generating strong, broadly representative, and actionable science to improve the outcomes of healthy women during the childbearing cycle and their children.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.