ReviewExpert review of vaccines2018
Influenza vaccine failure: failure to protect or failure to understand?
Review in Expert review of vaccines, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Low effectiveness of influenza vaccines vis-à-vis mechanism of protection by vaccines - potential causes and recommendations to improve control of influenza.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota as a regulator of vaccine efficacy: implications for personalized vaccination.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Article
- Sustained Vaccine Exposure Elicits More Rapid, Consistent, and Broad Humoral Immune Responses to Multivalent Influenza Vaccines.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of influenza over a ten-year period in Belgium: overview of the historical and current evidence.Virology journal · 2023Review
- A Comparison of Etiology, Pathogenesis, Vaccinal and Antiviral Drug Development between Influenza and COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The Negative Effect of Preexisting Immunity on Influenza Vaccine Responses Transcends the Impact of Vaccine Formulation Type and Vaccination History.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Epidemiological Investigation of Feline Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Encourages a Geographically Specific FCV Vaccine.Veterinary sciences · 2023Article
- Article
- Evaluation ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- CD4 T cell epitope abundance in ferritin core potentiates responses to hemagglutinin nanoparticle vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2022Article
- Article
- Vaccination policies for healthcare personnel: Current challenges and future perspectives.Vaccine: X · 2022Article
- Live Influenza Vaccine Provides Early Protection against Homologous and Heterologous Influenza and May Prevent Post-Influenza Pneumococcal Infections in Mice.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- A single-shot vaccine approach for the universal influenza A vaccine candidate M2e.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Possibility of estimating future mutants for influenza: Comparison between previous prediction and subsequent years observation.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Influenza Vaccination Programs for Healthcare Personnel: Organizational Issues and Beyond.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- COVID-19 vaccine development from the perspective of cancer patients.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Review
- Vaccination with inactivated virus against low pathogenic avian influenza subtype H9N2 does not prevent virus transmission in chickens.Journal of virus eradication · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
introductionI propose that influenza vaccine failure be defined as receipt of a properly stored and administered vaccine with the subsequent development of documented influenza. Several mechanisms of vaccine failure occur and can - sometimes in combination - lead to what is termed 'vaccine failure.' Influenza vaccine failure occurs for many reasons, many of which are not true failures of the vaccine (e.g. improper vaccine storage/handling). AREAS COVERED: In this article, I discuss common causes of 'vaccine failure' that are appropriately or inappropriately attributed to vaccines. This includes host, pathogen, vaccine, and study design issues such as genetic restriction of immune response; failure to store, handle, and administer vaccine properly; issues of immunosuppression and immunosenescence; apparent but false vaccine failure; time-mediated failure; etc. EXPERT COMMENTARY: A proper framework and nosology for vaccine failure informs discussion about influenza vaccine efficacy and prevents misperceptions that in turn affect vaccine uptake. Influenza vaccine can only provide maximum protection to the extent that the circulating and vaccine strains closely match; the vaccine is stored, handled, and administered properly and within a time frame to result in development of protective levels of immunity; and it is administered to a host capable of immunologically responding with protective immune responses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.