SynthesisPaediatric and perinatal epidemiology2018
Breast milk transmission of flaviviruses in the context of Zika virus: A systematic review.
Synthesis in Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Update on the Transmission of Zika Virus Through Breast Milk and Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review of the Evidence.Viruses · 2021Pooled it
- Feeding modifications and additional primary caregiver support for infants exposed to Zika virus or diagnosed with congenital Zika syndrome: a rapid review of the evidence.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2020Pooled it
- Influenza infection of the mammary gland.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Comprehensive analysis of West Nile Virus transmission: Environmental, ecological, and individual factors. An umbrella review.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Review
- Phosphatidylserine-exposing extracellular vesicles in body fluids are an innate defence against apoptotic mimicry viral pathogens.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- Breast milk transmission and involvement of mammary glands in tick-borne flavivirus infected mice.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection?Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Review
- SARS-CoV-2, Zika viruses and mycoplasma: Structure, pathogenesis and some treatment options in these emerging viral and bacterial infectious diseases.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease · 2021Article
- Article
- Mother-to-Child Transmission of Arboviruses during Breastfeeding: From Epidemiology to Cellular Mechanisms.Viruses · 2021Review
- Revisiting Koch's postulate to determine the plausibility of viral transmission by human milk.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2021Article
- Article
- Anti-Zika virus and anti-Usutu virus activity of human milk and its components.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Vertically transmitted chikungunya, Zika and dengue virus infections: The pathogenesis from mother to fetus and the implications of co-infections and vaccine development.International journal of pediatrics & adolescent medicine · 2020Review
- Vaccines for Perinatal and Congenital Infections-How Close Are We?Frontiers in pediatrics · 2020Review
- The search for yellow fever virus vaccine in breast milk of inadvertently vaccinated women in Brazil.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2020Article
- A to Z of Zika Virus: A Comprehensive Review for Clinicians.Global pediatric health · 2020Review
- Viral-Immune Cell Interactions at the Maternal-Fetal Interface in Human Pregnancy.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Evidence That Zika Virus Is Transmitted by Breastfeeding to Newborn A129 (Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Productive Infection of Mouse Mammary Glands and Human Mammary Epithelial Cells by Zika Virus.Viruses · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSince the Zika virus epidemic in the Americas began in 2015, Zika virus transmission has occurred throughout the Americas. However, limited information exists regarding possible risks of transmission of Zika virus and other flaviviruses through breast feeding and human milk. We conducted a systematic review of the evidence regarding flaviviruses detection in and transmission through milk, specifically regarding Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Powassan virus, West Nile virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus.
methodsMedline, Embase, Global Health, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Popline, Virtual Health Library, and WorldCat were searched through June 2017. Two authors independently screened potential studies for inclusion and extracted data. Human and nonhuman (animal) studies describing: 1) confirmed or suspected cases of mother-to-child transmission through milk; or 2) the presence of flavivirus genomic material in milk.
resultsSeventeen studies were included, four animal models and thirteen observational studies. Dengue virus, West Nile virus, and Zika virus viral ribonucleic acid was detected in human milk, including infectious Zika virus and dengue virus viral particles. Human breast-feeding transmission was confirmed for only yellow fever virus. There was evidence of milk-related transmission of dengue virus, Powassan virus, and West Nile virus in animal studies.
conclusionsBecause the health advantages of breast feeding are considered greater than the potential risk of transmission, the World Health Organization recommends that mothers with possible or confirmed Zika virus infection or exposure continue to breast feed. This review did not identify any data that might alter this recommendation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.