ReviewToxins2018
Engineering of Botulinum Neurotoxins for Biomedical Applications.
Review in Toxins, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evolution of botulinum neurotoxin serotype X proteases to induce inflammatory cell death in cancer cells.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Role of Microbial Toxins in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights and Future Perspectives.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Advances in Clostridial Neurotoxins: Passage of the Intestinal Barrier and Targeting of Specific Neuronal Cells.Toxins · 2026Review
- Nontoxic, multi-domain botulinum neurotoxin-LCHCVaccine · 2025Article
- Botulinum Neurotoxins: History, Mechanism, and Applications. A Narrative Review.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
- Potency Evaluations of Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin A1 Mutants Designed to Reduce Toxicity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Expression, purification and application of a recombinant, membrane permeating version of the light chain of botulinum toxin B.Bioscience reports · 2024Article
- Recent Developments in Vaccine Design: From Live Vaccines to Recombinant Toxin Vaccines.Toxins · 2023Review
- Neurotoxins Acting at Synaptic Sites: A Brief Review on Mechanisms and Clinical Applications.Toxins · 2022Review
- Review
- In Silico Conformational Features of Botulinum Toxins A1 and E1 According to Intraluminal Acidification.Toxins · 2022Article
- Structural Features ofToxins · 2022Article
- Botulinum Neurotoxins in Central Nervous System: An Overview from Animal Models to Human Therapy.Toxins · 2021Review
- Recombinant botulinum neurotoxin serotype A1 in vivo characterization.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2021Article
- Review
- Engineering Botulinum Neurotoxins for Enhanced Therapeutic Applications and Vaccine Development.Toxins · 2020Review
- The mechanisms of action and use of botulinum neurotoxin type A in aesthetics: Key Clinical Postulates II.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2020Review
- Breaking Barriers: Bioinspired Strategies for Targeted Neuronal Delivery to the Central Nervous System.Pharmaceutics · 2020Review
- Article
- New Engineered-Botulinum Toxins Inhibit the Release of Pain-Related Mediators.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been used as therapeutic agents in the clinical treatment of a wide array of neuromuscular and autonomic neuronal transmission disorders. These toxins contain three functional domains that mediate highly specific neuronal cell binding, internalization and cytosolic delivery of proteolytic enzymes that cleave proteins integral to the exocytosis of neurotransmitters. The exceptional cellular specificity, potency and persistence within the neuron that make BoNTs such effective toxins, also make them attractive models for derivatives that have modified properties that could potentially expand their therapeutic repertoire. Advances in molecular biology techniques and rapid DNA synthesis have allowed a wide variety of novel BoNTs with alternative functions to be assessed as potential new classes of therapeutic drugs. This review examines how the BoNTs have been engineered in an effort to produce new classes of therapeutic molecules to address a wide array of disorders.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.